Self-Acceptance and Interdependence Promote Longevity: Evidence From a 20-year Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Self-Acceptance, Longevity Expectation, Longevity
1.2. Interdependence, Serenity towards Death, Longevity
1.3. Potential Confounders
1.4. Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2. Kaplan–Meier Analysis
3.3. Cox Regression with Time-Varying Covariates
3.4. Mediational Analysis: Acceptance–Longevity Expectation–Mortality
3.5. Mediational Analysis: Interdependence–Serenity–Mortality
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical Implications
4.2. Practical Implications
4.3. Limitations and Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Psychological Well-Being | Model 4 | Model 3 | Model 2 | Model 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR 1 (95% CI 2) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
Self-acceptance | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.015 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.024 | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.036 | 0.88 (0.78, 0.99) | 0.039 |
Sense of purpose | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.19 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.22 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.27 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.081 |
Positive relations | 1.05 (0.91, 1.20) | 0.51 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 0.49 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.70 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.84 |
Personal growth | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | 0.27 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.28 | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) | 0.20 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.51 |
Environmental mastery | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 0.51 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 0.47 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.63 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.60 |
Interdependence | 0.83 (0.66, 0.99) | 0.029 | 0.83 (0.66, 0.98) | 0.019 | 0.87 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.022 | 0.86 (0.74, 0.96) | 0.008 |
Demographics | ||||||||
Age | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42) | 0.028 | 1.19 (1.01, 1.39) | 0.034 | 1.17 (1.02, 1.33) | 0.020 | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | Reference | |||||||
Female | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.018 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.0023 | 0.73 (0.63, 0.83) | <0.001 | ||
Education | ||||||||
No college | Reference | |||||||
Attended college | 0.73 (0.60, 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.64, 0.85) | <0.001 | ||
Race | ||||||||
Whites | Reference | |||||||
Blacks | 3.72 (1.38, 10.01) | 0.0093 | 3.53 (1.31, 9.47) | 0.013 | 2.62 (1.08, 6.31) | 0.032 | ||
Marriage | ||||||||
Married | Reference | |||||||
Single | 1.81 (1.27, 2.60) | 0.0011 | 1.69 (1.19, 2.40) | 0.0036 | 1.66 (1.24, 2.22) | <0.001 | ||
Divorced/separated | 1.85 (1.48, 2.31) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.41, 2.16) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.41, 2.01) | <0.001 | ||
Psychological Covariates | ||||||||
Openness | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.16 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.30 | ||||
Neuroticism | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.54 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.36 | ||||
Conscientiousness | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.17 | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.07 | ||||
Agreeableness | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 0.80 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.83 | ||||
Extroversion | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.68 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.39 | ||||
Depression | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.64 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.63 | ||||
Self-rated health | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.89 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.89 | ||||
Physical Covariates | ||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||
No | Reference | |||||||
Yes | 1.00 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.99 | ||||||
Illness count 3 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.62 | ||||||
Body mass index 4 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.27 |
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Ng, R.; Allore, H.G.; Levy, B.R. Self-Acceptance and Interdependence Promote Longevity: Evidence From a 20-year Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165980
Ng R, Allore HG, Levy BR. Self-Acceptance and Interdependence Promote Longevity: Evidence From a 20-year Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165980
Chicago/Turabian StyleNg, Reuben, Heather G. Allore, and Becca R. Levy. 2020. "Self-Acceptance and Interdependence Promote Longevity: Evidence From a 20-year Prospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165980