Investigation of Correlated Internet and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: Copula Regression Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Young’s Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT)
2.2.2. Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)
2.2.3. Psychosocial Measures
2.2.4. Internet/Smartphone Usage Pattern Survey
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | Correlations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y_IAT | SAS | BDI | BAI | BIS | CASS | AQ | STAXI_E | |||
Y_IAT | 33.88 | 13.05 | 1 | 0.49 | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.4 | 0.23 |
SAS | 80.25 | 27.94 | 1 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.26 | |
BDI | 7.46 | 7.82 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0.33 | ||
BAI | 6.46 | 8.56 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.3 | |||
BIS | 63.55 | 8.34 | 1 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.14 | ||||
CASS | 17.91 | 12.59 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.44 | |||||
AQ | 63.42 | 20.06 | 1 | 0.53 | ||||||
STAXI_E | 53.28 | 11.39 | 1 |
Parameters | Estimate | SE | AIC | BIC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gamma | shape | 8.073 | 0.488 | 4063.73 | 4072.26 |
rate | 0.237 | 0.015 | |||
Log-normal | mean | 3.464 | 0.015 | 4023.95 | 4032.48 |
standard deviation | 0.346 | 0.011 | |||
Weibull | shape | 2.700 | 0.083 | 4168.22 | 4177.15 |
scale | 38.262 | 0.658 |
Parameters | Estimate | SE | AIC | BIC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gamma | shape | 8.073 | 0.488 | 4063.732 | 4072.262 |
rate | 0.237 | 0.015 | |||
Log-normal | mean | 3.464 | 0.015 | 4023.95 | 4032.481 |
sd | 0.346 | 0.011 | |||
Weibull | shape | 2.70 | 0.083 | 4168.623 | 4177.154 |
scale | 38.262 | 0.658 |
Linear Regression | GLM | Copula | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IAT | SAS | AIC | IAT | SAS | AIC | IAT | SAS | Copula | AIC |
Norm. | Norm. | 8605.3 | Log. | Log. | 8587.1 | Log. | Gam. | Norm. | 8363.1 |
Log. | Log. | 8421.8 | Gam. | Gam. | 8453.2 | Log. | Log. | t | 8362.2 |
Norm. | Log. | 8572.6 | Log. | Gam. | 8567.4 | Log. | Gam. | t | 8348.5 |
Log. | Norm. | 8454.5 | Gam. | Log. | 8472.9 | Gam. | Log. | t | 8373.4 |
IAT | Estimate | SE | p-Value | SAS | Estimate | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 69.1356 | 72.4595 | 0.34 | Intercept | 114 | 71.86 | 0.11267 |
GENDER | −0.0929 | 0.027 | 0.0006 | GENDER | 0.0484 | 0.0239 | 0.0428 |
BDI | −0.0044 | 0.0021 | 0.0363 | BDI | −0.0019 | 0.0021 | 0.3732 |
BAI | 0.0089 | 0.0019 | 0.0000 | BAI | 0.0079 | 0.0019 | 0.0000 |
BIS | 0.0052 | 0.0016 | 0.0009 | BIS | 0.0082 | 0.0015 | 0.0000 |
CASS | 0.0029 | 0.0013 | 0.0307 | CASS | −0.0007 | 0.0013 | 0.6154 |
AQ | 0.0037 | 0.0008 | 0.0000 | AQ | 0.0049 | 0.0008 | 0.0000 |
WDGH | 0.0375 | 0.0111 | 0.0008 | WDSH | 0.0057 | 0.0086 | 0.5077 |
WEGH | 0.0264 | 0.0073 | 0.0003 | WESH | 0.0251 | 0.0069 | 0.0003 |
WDIH | 0.0376 | 0.0098 | 0.0001 | YEAR | −0.051 | 0.0352 | 0.1478 |
YEAR | −0.0332 | 0.0362 | 0.3595 | ALC | 0.0341 | 0.0716 | 0.6343 |
ALC | −0.1677 | 0.0762 | 0.0277 | SMK | 0.0497 | 0.1008 | 0.622 |
SMK | 0.0969 | 0.1039 | 0.3508 | ||||
AIC | 8348.471 | ||||||
Corr. | 0.364 (0.288, 0.429) |
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Share and Cite
Lee, M.; Chung, S.J.; Lee, Y.; Park, S.; Kwon, J.-G.; Kim, D.J.; Lee, D.; Choi, J.-S. Investigation of Correlated Internet and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: Copula Regression Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165806
Lee M, Chung SJ, Lee Y, Park S, Kwon J-G, Kim DJ, Lee D, Choi J-S. Investigation of Correlated Internet and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: Copula Regression Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165806
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Minji, Sun Ju Chung, Youngjo Lee, Sera Park, Jun-Gun Kwon, Dai Jin Kim, Donghwan Lee, and Jung-Seok Choi. 2020. "Investigation of Correlated Internet and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: Copula Regression Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165806