Characterizing Urban Home Gardening and Associated Factors to Shape Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Non-Farmers in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Study Population
2.2. Variables and Measures
2.2.1. Home Gardening
2.2.2. Socio-Demographic and Health-Related Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Approvals
3. Results
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Sample
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | % of Total | FV Grams/Day | p-Value t-Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<400 | ≥400 | ||||
Total | 5634 | 100.0 | 67.9 | 32.1 | - |
Sex | |||||
Male | 2569 | 45.6 | 71.3 | 28.7 | |
Female | 3065 | 54.4 | 65.0 | 35.0 | 0.507 |
Age (years) | |||||
15–29 | 1207 | 21.4 | 75.5 | 24.5 | |
30–44 | 1360 | 24.2 | 63.4 | 36.6 | 0.006 |
45–59 | 1899 | 33.7 | 65.2 | 34.8 | 0.986 |
60 or over | 1168 | 20.7 | 69.4 | 30.6 | 0.530 |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 1228 | 21.8 | 75.7 | 24.3 | |
Married | 3672 | 65.2 | 65.3 | 34.7 | 0.064 |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 734 | 13.0 | 67.8 | 32.2 | 0.691 |
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | 2832 | 50.3 | 67.0 | 33.0 | |
Rural | 2802 | 49.7 | 68.7 | 31.3 | 0.465 |
Educational attainment | |||||
No formal education | 89 | 1.6 | 73.0 | 27.0 | |
Primary school | 2544 | 45.2 | 68.6 | 31.4 | 0.339 |
Secondary school | 2374 | 42.1 | 68.8 | 31.2 | 0.258 |
Bachelor’s or higher degree | 627 | 11.1 | 60.7 | 39.3 | 0.044 |
Income (baht per month) | |||||
No income | 1422 | 25.2 | 70.8 | 29.2 | |
Less than 10,000 | 2057 | 36.5 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.449 |
10,000–19,999 | 1410 | 25.0 | 67.0 | 33.0 | 0.126 |
20,000 or above | 745 | 13.3 | 67.1 | 32.9 | 0.321 |
Occupation | |||||
Unemployed | 2245 | 39.8 | 69.8 | 31.2 | |
Government job | 313 | 5.6 | 61.3 | 38.7 | 0.978 |
Company hire | 533 | 9.5 | 76.3 | 23.7 | 0.000 |
Own business | 1446 | 25.7 | 63.5 | 36.5 | 0.485 |
Wage laborer | 1097 | 19.4 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 0.296 |
Home gardening | |||||
No | 4808 | 85.3 | 69.9 | 30.4 | |
Yes | 826 | 14.7 | 58.0 | 42.0 | 0.010 |
Variables | Adjusted or (95% CI) |
---|---|
Sex (Reference group = Male) | |
Female | 1.228 (1.085–1.390) ** |
Age (years) (Reference group = 15–29) | |
30–44 | 1.467 (1.190–1.807) *** |
45–59 | 1.357 (1.092–1.687) ** |
60 or over | 1.068 (0.830–1.375) |
Marital status (Reference group = Single) | |
Married | 1.471 (1.221–1.773) *** |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.346 (1.050–1.724) * |
Place of residence (Reference group = Rural) | |
Urban | 1.160 (1.031–1.305) * |
Educational attainment (Reference group = No formal education) | |
Primary school | 1.280 (0.792–2.070) |
Secondary/high school | 1.586 (0.969–2.594) |
Bachelor’s or higher | 2.320 (1.377–3.908) ** |
Income (baht per month) (Reference group = No income) | |
Less than 10,000 | 1.314 (1.081–1.596) ** |
10,000–19,999 | 1.231 (0.974–1.555) |
20,000 or over | 0.981 (0.749–1.285) |
Occupation (Reference group = Unemployed) | |
Government job | 0.914 (0.669–1.249) |
Company hire | 0.521 (0.393–0.691) *** |
Own business | 0.993 (0.811–1.215) |
Wage laborer | 0.779 (0.630–0.963) * |
Home gardening (Reference group = No) | |
Yes | 1.571 (1.341–1.840) *** |
Variables | N | % of Total | Home Gardening | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (N = 252) | No (N = 2550) | |||
Total | 2802 | 100.0 | 9.0 | 91.0 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1303 | 46.5 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
Female | 1499 | 53.5 | 10.0 | 90.0 |
Age (years) | ||||
15–29 | 563 | 20.1 | 3.5 | 96.5 |
30–44 | 696 | 24.9 | 8.3 | 91.7 |
45–59 | 1012 | 36.1 | 11.5 | 88.5 |
60 or over | 531 | 18.9 | 11.1 | 88.9 |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 637 | 22.7 | 4.9 | 95.1 |
Married | 1784 | 63.7 | 10.6 | 89.4 |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 381 | 13.6 | 8.4 | 91.6 |
Educational attainment | ||||
No formal education | 44 | 1.6 | 13.6 | 86.4 |
Primary school | 1151 | 41.0 | 10.5 | 89.5 |
Secondary school | 1255 | 44.8 | 7.6 | 92.4 |
Bachelor’s or higher degree | 352 | 12.6 | 8.5 | 91.5 |
Income (baht per month) | ||||
No income | 660 | 23.5 | 8.0 | 92.0 |
Less than 10,000 | 894 | 31.9 | 11.0 | 89.0 |
10,000–19,999 | 794 | 28.4 | 9.3 | 90.7 |
20,000 and above | 454 | 16.2 | 5.9 | 94.1 |
Occupation | ||||
Unemployed | 1025 | 36.6 | 9.1 | 90.9 |
Government job | 136 | 4.9 | 8.8 | 91.2 |
Company hire | 351 | 12.5 | 2.0 | 98.0 |
Own business | 772 | 27.5 | 8.7 | 91.3 |
Wage laborer | 518 | 18.5 | 14.1 | 85.9 |
Smoking | ||||
Current smoker | 576 | 20.6 | 7.5 | 92.5 |
Ex-smoker | 352 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 86.6 |
Never-smoker | 1874 | 66.8 | 8.6 | 91.4 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Current drinker | 1043 | 37.2 | 8.6 | 91.4 |
Ex-drinker | 446 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 88.6 |
Never-drinker | 1313 | 46.9 | 8.5 | 91.5 |
Regular physical activity | ||||
No | 1587 | 56.6 | 7.4 | 92.6 |
Yes | 1215 | 43.4 | 11.2 | 88.8 |
Knowledge about sufficient FV intake | ||||
No | 354 | 12.6 | 5.9 | 94.1 |
Yes | 2448 | 87.4 | 9.5 | 90.5 |
Fear of pesticide contamination of FV | ||||
No | 1660 | 59.2 | 6.9 | 93.1 |
Yes | 1142 | 40.8 | 12.1 | 87.9 |
FV safety awareness | ||||
Low | 411 | 14.7 | 5.8 | 94.2 |
High | 2391 | 85.3 | 9.6 | 90.4 |
Variables | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|
Sex (Reference group = Male) | |
Female | 1.493 (1.011–2.205) * |
Age (years) (Reference group = 15–29) | |
30–44 | 2.565 (1.403–4.688) ** |
45–59 | 3.182 (1.737–5.829) *** |
60 or over | 2.793 (1.430–5.458) ** |
Marital status (Reference group = Single) | |
Married | 1.288 (0.806–2.058) |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 0.848 (0.466–1.542) |
Educational attainment (Reference group = No formal education) | |
Primary school | 0.854 (0.340–2.148) |
Secondary/high school | 0.948 (0.368–2.440) |
Bachelor’s or higher degree | 1.447 (0.520–4.026) |
Income (baht per month) (Reference group = No income) | |
Less than 10,000 | 0.981 (0.626–1.535) |
10,000–19,999 | 1.085 (0.650–1.809) |
20,000 or over | 0.649–0.345–1.220) |
Occupation (Reference group = Unemployed) | |
Government job | 0.804 (0.372–1.736) |
Company hire | 0.213 (0.090–0.507) *** |
Own business | 0.856 (0.546–1.343) |
Wage laborer | 1.566 (0.998–2.456) |
Smoking (Reference group = Current smoker) | |
Ex-smoker | 1.535 (0.955–2.467) |
Never-smoker | 0.990 (0.619–1.585) |
Alcohol drinking (Reference group = Current drinker) | |
Ex-drinker | 0.958 (0.647–1.417) |
Never-drinker | 0.862 (0.609–1.219) |
Physical activity (Reference group = No) | |
Yes | 1.485 (1.133–1.946) ** |
Knowledge about sufficient FV intake (Reference group = No) | |
Yes | 1.477 (0.919–2.375) |
Fear of pesticide contamination of FV (Reference group = No) | |
Yes | 1.638 (1.250–2.147) *** |
FV safety awareness (Reference group = Low) | |
High | 1.683 (1.077–2.630) * |
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Share and Cite
Phulkerd, S.; Thapsuwan, S.; Soottipong Gray, R.; Chamratrithirong, A. Characterizing Urban Home Gardening and Associated Factors to Shape Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Non-Farmers in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155400
Phulkerd S, Thapsuwan S, Soottipong Gray R, Chamratrithirong A. Characterizing Urban Home Gardening and Associated Factors to Shape Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Non-Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155400
Chicago/Turabian StylePhulkerd, Sirinya, Sasinee Thapsuwan, Rossarin Soottipong Gray, and Aphichat Chamratrithirong. 2020. "Characterizing Urban Home Gardening and Associated Factors to Shape Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Non-Farmers in Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155400