Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Survey Method
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
3.3. Information Sources
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Unmarried | Married | Widowed | Divorced | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–4 | 54,772 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28,367 (51.8) | 26,405 (48.2) | 54,772 (3.3) |
5–9 | 65,637 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33,931 (51.7) | 31,706 (48.3) | 65,637 (4.0) |
10–14 | 67,981 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35,207 (51.8) | 32,774 (48.2) | 67,981 (4.1) |
15–19 | 70,818 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 37,048 (52.3) | 33,794 (47.7) | 70,842 (4.3) |
20–24 | 74,829 | 865 | 2 | 13 | 40,194 (53.1) | 35,515 (46.9) | 75,709 (4.6) |
25–29 | 79,339 | 7225 | 12 | 140 | 45,031 (51.9) | 41,685 (48.1) | 86,716 (5.3) |
30–34 | 68,503 | 23,785 | 60 | 582 | 47,610 (51.2) | 45,320 (48.8) | 92,930 (5.6) |
35–39 | 58,029 | 47,109 | 214 | 1808 | 54,563 (50.9) | 52,597 (49.1) | 107,160 (6.5) |
40–44 | 52,167 | 72,656 | 643 | 3946 | 65,895 (50.9) | 63,517 (49.1) | 129,412 (7.9) |
45–49 | 39,820 | 87,582 | 1371 | 6015 | 67,326 (49.9) | 67,462 (50.1) | 134,788 (8.2) |
50–54 | 29,837 | 98,775 | 2812 | 7237 | 68,656 (49.5) | 70,005 (50.5) | 138,661 (8.4) |
55–59 | 20,420 | 94,499 | 4737 | 6403 | 61,737 (49.0) | 64,322 (51.0) | 126,059 (7.6) |
60–64 | 15,220 | 88,065 | 7444 | 4931 | 56,276 (48.7) | 59,384 (51.3) | 115,660 (7.0) |
65–69 | 11,930 | 79,393 | 11,002 | 3535 | 51,154 (48.3) | 54,706 (51.7) | 105,860 (6.4) |
70–74 | 9405 | 62,695 | 14,831 | 2216 | 41,979 (47.1) | 47,168 (52.9) | 89,147 (5.4) |
75–79 | 8344 | 46,709 | 20,615 | 1325 | 34,116 (44.3) | 42,877 (55.7) | 76,993 (4.7) |
80–84 | 6552 | 26,386 | 21,631 | 638 | 22,584 (40.9) | 32,623 (59.1) | 55,207 (3.3) |
85–89 | 4521 | 11,885 | 18,838 | 248 | 12,843 (36.2) | 22,649 (63.8) | 35,492 (2.2) |
90–94 | 2025 | 3172 | 9856 | 59 | 4524 (29.9) | 10,588 (70.1) | 15,112 (0.9) |
95–99 | 464 | 452 | 2682 | 16 | 938 (26.0) | 2676 (74.0) | 3614 (0.2) |
100+ | 65 | 30 | 328 | 1 | 93 (21.9) | 331 (78.1) | 424 (0.0) |
Total | 740,678 | 751,306 | 117,078 | 39,114 | 810,072 (49.1) | 838,104 (50.9) | 1,648,176 (100.0) |
Municipalities | No. of Inhabitants | % Females | Average Age (Years) |
---|---|---|---|
Birori | 529 | 49.3 | 47.9 |
Bolotana | 2579 | 53.4 | 50.4 |
Borore | 2079 | 51.7 | 47.3 |
Bortigali | 1335 | 53.2 | 51.2 |
Dualchi | 613 | 51.2 | 51.9 |
Lei | 499 | 50.3 | 51.0 |
Macomer | 10,019 | 51.4 | 46.7 |
Noragugume | 309 | 50.8 | 48.8 |
Silanus | 2109 | 49.9 | 46.5 |
Sindia | 1701 | 52.1 | 48.4 |
Total | 21,772 | 52.3 | 47.9 |
General Information | Answers | Number | % |
---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | Male | 232/651 | 35.6 |
2. Age (years) | <18 | 4/651 | 0.6 |
18–29 | 227/651 | 34.9 | |
30–39 | 151/651 | 23.2 | |
40–49 | 108/651 | 16.6 | |
50–59 | 91/651 | 14.0 | |
60–69 | 62/651 | 9.5 | |
70–79 | 7/651 | 1.1 | |
>80 | 1/651 | 0.2 | |
3. Educational Attainment | Elementary school | 2/651 | 0.3 |
Middle school | 93/651 | 14.3 | |
High school Diploma | 326/651 | 50.1 | |
University Degree | 230/651 | 35.3 | |
4. Occupation | Unemployed | 71/651 | 10.9 |
First-time job-seeker | 15/651 | 2.3 | |
Homemaker | 52/651 | 8.0 | |
Student | 98/651 | 15.1 | |
National service | 2/651 | 0.3 | |
Occasional/seasonal worker | 41/651 | 6.3 | |
Retired | 36/651 | 5.5 | |
Fixed-term employee | 102/651 | 15.7 | |
Permanent employee | 234/651 | 35.9 | |
5. Family Unit Composition | Single/Unmarried | 295/651 | 45.3 |
Couple without children | 85/651 | 13.1 | |
Couple with children | 238/651 | 36.6 | |
Lone parent | 19/651 | 2.9 | |
Widower/Widow | 14/651 | 2.2 | |
6. Duration of Residence | At least one year | 16/651 | 2.5 |
2–5 years | 26/651 | 4.0 | |
5–10 years | 24/651 | 3.7 | |
More than 10 years | 585/651 | 89.9 |
7. How Concerned Are You by the Following Environmental Problems? | |||
7.1 Floods, landslides, landslips | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 50/651 | 7.7 | |
Not very | 141/651 | 21.7 | |
Quite | 229/651 | 35.2 | |
Very | 225/651 | 34.6 | |
7.2 Noise | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 80/651 | 12.3 | |
Not very | 201/651 | 30.9 | |
Quite | 267/651 | 41.0 | |
Very | 97/651 | 14.9 | |
7.3 Transport of hazardous material | Don’t know | 4/651 | 0.6 |
Not at all | 20/651 | 3.1 | |
Not very | 95/651 | 14.6 | |
Quite | 258/651 | 39.6 | |
Very | 274/651 | 42.1 | |
7.4 Hazardous waste | Don’t know | 2/651 | 0.3 |
Not at all | 10/651 | 1.5 | |
Not very | 35/651 | 5.4 | |
Quite | 189/651 | 29.0 | |
Very | 415/651 | 63.7 | |
7.5 Incinerators | Don’t know | 4/651 | 0.6 |
Not at all | 21/651 | 3.2 | |
Not very | 51/651 | 7.8 | |
Quite | 182/651 | 28.0 | |
Very | 393/651 | 60.4 | |
7.6 Landfills | Don’t know | 3/651 | 0.5 |
Not at all | 6/651 | 0.9 | |
Not very | 36/651 | 5.5 | |
Quite | 215/651 | 33.0 | |
Very | 391/651 | 60.1 | |
7.7 Air pollution | Don’t know | 3/651 | 0.5 |
Not at all | 6/651 | 0.9 | |
Not very | 22/651 | 3.4 | |
Quite | 199/651 | 30.6 | |
Very | 421/651 | 64.7 | |
7.8 Severe weather phenomena | Don’t know | 5/651 | 0.8 |
Not at all | 16/651 | 2.5 | |
Not very | 77/651 | 11.8 | |
Quite | 266/651 | 40.9 | |
Very | 287/651 | 44.1 | |
7.9 Fires | Don’t know | 5/651 | 0.8 |
Not at all | 11/651 | 1.7 | |
Not very | 77/651 | 11.8 | |
Quite | 265/651 | 40.7 | |
Very | 293/651 | 45.0 | |
7.10 Pollution of the aquatic environment | Don’t know | 3/651 | 0.5 |
Not at all | 8/651 | 1.2 | |
Not very | 37/651 | 5.7 | |
Quite | 180/651 | 27.6 | |
Very | 423/651 | 65.0 | |
7.11 Hazardous industries | Don’t know | 5/651 | 0.8 |
Not at all | 15/651 | 2.3 | |
Not very | 44/651 | 6.8 | |
Quite | 188/651 | 28.9 | |
Very | 399/651 | 61.3 | |
7.12 Earthquake | Don’t know | 43/651 | 6.6 |
Not at all | 124/651 | 19.0 | |
Not very | 129/651 | 19.8 | |
Quite | 195/651 | 30.0 | |
Very | 160/651 | 24.6 | |
7.13 Food pollution | Don’t know | 5/651 | 0.8 |
Not at all | 12/651 | 1.8 | |
Not very | 44/651 | 6.8 | |
Quite | 184/651 | 28.3 | |
Very | 406/651 | 62.4 | |
7.14 Power lines (low frequency magnetic fields) | Don’t know | 31/651 | 4.8 |
Not at all | 51/651 | 7.8 | |
Not very | 148/651 | 22.7 | |
Quite | 262/651 | 40.2 | |
Very | 159/651 | 24.4 | |
7.15 Cell phones and telephone antennas (high frequency magnetic fields) | Don’t know | 22/651 | 3.4 |
Not at all | 55/651 | 8.4 | |
Not very | 159/651 | 24.4 | |
Quite | 261/651 | 40.1 | |
Very | 154/651 | 23.7 | |
8. To what extent do you feel exposed to each of these events? | |||
8.1 Road accidents | Don’t know | 8/651 | 1.2 |
Not at all | 13/651 | 2.0 | |
Not very | 152/651 | 23.3 | |
Quite | 325/651 | 49.9 | |
Very | 153/651 | 23.5 | |
8.2 Work-related accidents | Don’t know | 14/651 | 2.2 |
Not at all | 83/651 | 12.7 | |
Not very | 318/651 | 48.8 | |
Quite | 171/651 | 26.3 | |
Very | 65/651 | 10.0 | |
8.3 Food-related risks | Don’t know | 5/651 | 0.8 |
Not at all | 23/651 | 3.5 | |
Not very | 189/651 | 29.0 | |
Quite | 270/651 | 41.5 | |
Very | 164/651 | 25.2 | |
8.4 Addiction | Don’t know | 10/651 | 1.5 |
Not at all | 192/651 | 29.5 | |
Not very | 241/651 | 37.0 | |
Quite | 138/651 | 21.2 | |
Very | 70/651 | 10.8 | |
8.5 Environmental degradation | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 20/651 | 3.1 | |
Not very | 100/651 | 15.4 | |
Quite | 281/651 | 43.2 | |
Very | 244/651 | 37.5 | |
8.6 Pollution | Don’t know | 4/651 | 0.6 |
Not at all | 10/651 | 1.5 | |
Not very | 66/651 | 10.1 | |
Quite | 265/651 | 40.7 | |
Very | 306/651 | 47.0 | |
8.7 Natural disasters | Don’t know | 15/651 | 2.3 |
Not at all | 61/651 | 9.4 | |
Not very | 265/651 | 40.7 | |
Quite | 213/651 | 32.7 | |
Very | 97/651 | 14.9 | |
8.8 Nuclear risk | Don’t know | 22/651 | 3.4 |
Not at all | 168/651 | 25.8 | |
Not very | 247/651 | 37.9 | |
Quite | 137/651 | 21.0 | |
Very | 77/651 | 11.8 | |
8.9 Terrorism | Don’t know | 25/651 | 3.8 |
Not at all | 133/651 | 20.4 | |
Not very | 265/651 | 40.7 | |
Quite | 145/651 | 22.3 | |
Very | 83/651 | 12.7 | |
8.10 War | Don’t know | 27/651 | 4.1 |
Not at all | 140/651 | 21.5 | |
Not very | 261/651 | 40.1 | |
Quite | 150/651 | 23.0 | |
Very | 73/651 | 11.2 | |
8.11 Diseases | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 23/651 | 3.5 | |
Not very | 114/651 | 17.5 | |
Quite | 278/651 | 42.7 | |
Very | 230/651 | 35.3 | |
8.12 Industrial catastrophes | Don’t know | 12/651 | 1.8 |
Not at all | 72/651 | 11.1 | |
Not very | 200/651 | 30.7 | |
Quite | 225/651 | 34.6 | |
Very | 142/651 | 21.8 | |
8.13 Crime | Don’t know | 12/651 | 1.8 |
Not at all | 41/651 | 6.3 | |
Not very | 172/651 | 26.4 | |
Quite | 256/651 | 39.3 | |
Very | 170/651 | 26.1 | |
9. In your opinion, how likely it is for those who live near a polluted area to contract one of the following? | |||
9.1 Allergies | Don’t know | 10/651 | 1.5 |
Not at all | 6/651 | 0.9 | |
Not very | 49/651 | 7.5 | |
Quite | 227/651 | 34.9 | |
Very | 359/651 | 55.1 | |
9.2 Temporary damage to the respiratory tract | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 2/651 | 0.3 | |
Not very | 20/651 | 3.1 | |
Quite | 236/651 | 36.3 | |
Very | 387/651 | 59.4 | |
9.3 Permanent damage to the respiratory tract | Don’t know | 6/651 | 0.9 |
Not at all | 2/651 | 0.3 | |
Not very | 26/651 | 4.0 | |
Quite | 229/651 | 35.2 | |
Very | 388/651 | 59.6 | |
9.4 Various forms of cancer | Don’t know | 3/651 | 0.5 |
Not at all | 4/651 | 0.6 | |
Not very | 15/651 | 2.3 | |
Quite | 157/651 | 24.1 | |
Very | 472/651 | 72.5 | |
9.5 Damage to the immune system | Don’t know | 8/651 | 1.2 |
Not at all | 4/651 | 0.6 | |
Not very | 33/651 | 5.1 | |
Quite | 220/651 | 33.8 | |
Very | 386/651 | 59.3 | |
9.6 Cardiovascular diseases | Don’t know | 16/651 | 2.5 |
Not at all | 9/651 | 1.4 | |
Not very | 79/651 | 12.1 | |
Quite | 248/651 | 38.1 | |
Very | 299/651 | 45.9 | |
9.7 Leukemia | Don’t know | 18/651 | 2.8 |
Not at all | 8/651 | 1.2 | |
Not very | 39/651 | 6.0 | |
Quite | 197/651 | 30.3 | |
Very | 389/651 | 59.8 | |
9.8 Lymphomas | Don’t know | 19/651 | 2.9 |
Not at all | 4/651 | 0.6 | |
Not very | 39/651 | 6.0 | |
Quite | 181/651 | 27.8 | |
Very | 408/651 | 62.7 | |
9.9 Stroke | Don’t know | 34/651 | 5.2 |
Not at all | 17/651 | 2.6 | |
Not very | 130/651 | 20.0 | |
Quite | 257/651 | 39.5 | |
Very | 213/651 | 32.7 | |
9.10 Heart attack | Don’t know | 34/651 | 5.2 |
Not at all | 26/651 | 4.0 | |
Not very | 131/651 | 20.1 | |
Quite | 254/651 | 39.0 | |
Very | 206/651 | 31.6 | |
9.11 Temporary damage to various organs | Don’t know | 22/651 | 3.4 |
Not at all | 14/651 | 2.2 | |
Not very | 69/651 | 10.6 | |
Quite | 272/651 | 41.8 | |
Very | 274/651 | 42.1 | |
9.12 Permanent damage to various organs | Don’t know | 21/651 | 3.2 |
Not at all | 13/651 | 2.0 | |
Not very | 61/651 | 9.4 | |
Quite | 255/651 | 39.2 | |
Very | 301/651 | 46.2 | |
9.13 Genetic malformations | Don’t know | 15/651 | 2.3 |
Not at all | 18/651 | 2.8 | |
Not very | 74/651 | 11.4 | |
Quite | 202/651 | 31.0 | |
Very | 342/651 | 52.5 | |
10. Do you believe there is a cause-effect relationship between the state of the environment and health? | No | 12/651 | 1.8 |
Yes | 606/651 | 93.1 | |
I am not informed | 33/651 | 5.1 | |
11. How would you define the environmental situation in the municipality where you live? | Excellent | 30/651 | 4.6 |
Acceptable | 228/651 | 35.0 | |
Serious but solvable | 366/651 | 56.2 | |
Serious and unsolvable | 27/651 | 4.1 | |
12. In your opinion, does the citizen have an influential role in the decisions made by the municipal administration? | Don’t know | 20/651 | 3.1 |
Not at all | 168/651 | 25.8 | |
Not very | 244/651 | 37.5 | |
Quite | 138/651 | 21.2 | |
Very | 81/651 | 12.4 | |
13. By what means do you usually keep up-to-date about the risks to which you are exposed? (more than one answer is allowed) | Internet | 533/651 | 81.9 |
Environmental organizations | 140/651 | 21.5 | |
National media | 231/651 | 35.5 | |
Municipality | 63/651 | 9.7 | |
Experts | 153/651 | 23.5 | |
Local Health Authority | 130/651 | 20.0 | |
Specialized press publications | 178/651 | 27.3 | |
Citizen Committees | 101/651 | 15.5 | |
Local media | 143/651 | 22.0 | |
Doctors | 145/651 | 22.3 | |
Local politicians | 34/651 | 5.2 | |
Environmental Protection Agency | 80/651 | 12.3 | |
14. Would you leave the area in which you live? | Yes | 263/651 | 40.4 |
No | 388/651 | 59.6 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dettori, M.; Pittaluga, P.; Busonera, G.; Gugliotta, C.; Azara, A.; Piana, A.; Arghittu, A.; Castiglia, P. Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134870
Dettori M, Pittaluga P, Busonera G, Gugliotta C, Azara A, Piana A, Arghittu A, Castiglia P. Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134870
Chicago/Turabian StyleDettori, Marco, Paola Pittaluga, Giulia Busonera, Carmelo Gugliotta, Antonio Azara, Andrea Piana, Antonella Arghittu, and Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134870