The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ozawa, S.; Mirelman, A.; Stack, M.L.; Walker, D.G.; Levine, O.S. Cost-effectiveness and economic benefits of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Vaccine 2012, 31, 96–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, M.; Jit, M.; Wu, J.T. Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination: A comparative analysis of eight approaches for valuing changes to mortality and morbidity risks. BMC Med. 2018, 16, 139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Immunization. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization (accessed on 8 May 2020).
- Peck, M.; Gacic-Dobo, M.; Diallo, M.S.; Conklin, L.M.; Wallace, A.S. Global Routine Vaccination Coverage, 2018. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2019, 68, 937–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Release of the Global Vaccine Action Plan Review and Lessons Learned Report. Available online: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/en/ (accessed on 4 May 2020).
- Bozzola, E.; Spina, G.; Russo, R.; Bozzola, M.; Corsello, G.; Villani, A. Mandatory vaccinations in European countries, undocumented information, false news and the impact on vaccination uptake: The position of the Italian pediatric society. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2018, 44, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sheikh, S.; Biundo, E.; Courcier, S.; Damm, O.; Launay, O.; Maes, E.; Marcos, C.; Matthews, S.; Meijer, C.; Poscia, A.; et al. A report on the status of vaccination in Europe. Vaccine 2018, 36, 4979–4992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene. Mandatory Vaccinations in Poland—History and Rationale. Available online: https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/en/stories/mandatory-vaccinations-in-poland/ (accessed on 4 May 2020).
- The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Published in DziennikUstaw No. 78, item 483 (1997). Available online: https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm (accessed on 8 May 2020).
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Poland: Recommended vaccinations. Available online: https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByCountry?SelectedCountryId=166&IncludeChildAgeGroup=true&IncludeChildAgeGroup=false&IncludeAdultAgeGroup=true&IncludeAdultAgeGroup=false/ (accessed on 17 June 2020).
- The Chief Sanitary Inspectorate. Stetement of the Chief Sanitary Inspector of October 25, 2018 regarding the Protective Vaccination Program for 2019 (DZ. URZ. Min. Zdr. 2018.104). Available online: http://dziennikmz.mz.gov.pl/#/legalact/2018/104/ (accessed on 4 May 2020).
- Kraśnicka, J.; Krajewska-Kułak, E.; Klimaszewska, K.; Cybulski, M.; Guzowski, A.; Kowalewska, B.; Jankowiak, B.; Rolka, H.; Doroszkiewicz, H.; Kułak, W. Mandatory and Recommended Vaccinations in Poland in the Views of Parents. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2018, 14, 2884–2893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (accessed on 4 May 2020).
- Żuk, P.; Żuk, P.; Lisiewicz-Jakubaszko, J. The anti-vaccine movement in Poland: The socio-cultural conditions of the opposition to vaccination and threats to public health. Vaccine 2019, 37, 1491–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krawczyk, A. Political Critique. The Rise and Fall of the Polish Anti-Vaccination Movement. Who’s behind the Polish Anti-Vaccination Movement?. Available online: http://politicalcritique.org/cee/poland/2019/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-polish-anti-vaccination-movement/ (accessed on 5 May 2020).
- Milton, A.C.; Ellis, L.A.; Davenport, T.A.; Burns, J.M.; Hickie, I.B. Comparison of Self-Reported Telephone Interviewing and Web-Based Survey Responses: Findings From the Second Australian Young and Well National Survey. JMIR Ment. Health 2017, 4, e37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ariadna National Research Panel. Available online: https://www.panelariadna.pl/ (accessed on 2 May 2020).
- Central Statistical Office. National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country. Available online: http://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/eTeryt/english.aspx (accessed on 5 May 2020).
- European Commission. State of Vaccine Confidence in the EU 2018. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/vaccination/docs/2018_vaccine_confidence_en.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2020).
- Larson, H.J.; de Figueiredo, A.; Xiahong, Z.; Schulz, W.S.; Verger, P.; Johnston, I.G.; Cook, A.R.; Jones, N.S. The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights through a 67-Country Survey. EBioMedicine 2016, 12, 295–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centre for Public Opinion Research. Attitude to Child Immunization. Available online: https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2019/K_009_19.PDF (accessed on 1 May 2020).
- Timmermans, D.R.; Henneman, L.; Hirasing, R.A.; van der Wal, G. Attitudes and risk perception of parents of different ethnic backgrounds regarding meningococcal C vaccination. Vaccine 2005, 23, 3329–3335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohd Azizi, F.S.; Kew, Y.; Moy, F.M. Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia. Vaccine 2017, 35, 2955–2961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fournet, N.; Mollema, L.; Ruijs, W.L.; Harmsen, I.A.; Keck, F.; Durand, J.Y.; Cunha, M.P.; Wamsiedel, M.; Reis, R.; French, J.; et al. Under-vaccinated groups in Europe and their beliefs, attitudes and reasons for non-vaccination; two systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baumgaertner, B.; Carlisle, J.E.; Justwan, F. The influence of political ideology and trust on willingness to vaccinate. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0191728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, E.J.; Chughtai, A.A.; Heywood, A.; MacIntyre, C.R. Influence of political and medical leaders on parental perception of vaccination: A cross-sectional survey in Australia. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e025866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Broniatowski, D.A.; Jamison, A.M.; Qi, S.; AlKulaib, L.; Chen, T.; Benton, A.; Quinn, S.C.; Dredze, M. Weaponized Health Communication: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate. Am. J. Public Health 2018, 108, 1378–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paterson, P.; Meurice, F.; Stanberry, L.R.; Glismann, S.; Rosenthal, S.L.; Larson, H.J. Vaccine hesitancy and healthcare providers. Vaccine 2016, 34, 6700–6706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Vaccine Safety Net. Available online: https://www.vaccinesafetynet.org/vsn/network/szczepieniainfo (accessed on 17 June 2020).
- Chief Sanitary Inspectorate. Available online: https://gis.gov.pl/?s=szczepienia (accessed on 7 May 2020).
- D’Ancona, F.; D’Amario, C.; Maraglino, F.; Rezza, G.; Iannazzo, S. The law on compulsory vaccination in Italy: An update 2 years after the introduction. Euro. Surveill. 2019, 24, 1900371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lévy-Bruhl, D.; Desenclos, J.C.; Quelet, S.; Bourdillon, F. Extension of French vaccination mandates: From the recommendation of the Steering Committee of the Citizen Consultation on Vaccination to the law. Euro. Surveill. 2018, 23, 18-00048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobrynski, L.; Powell, R.W.; Bowen, S. Prevalence and morbidity of primary immunodeficiency diseases, United States 2001-2007. J. Clin. Immunol. 2014, 34, 954–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, T.H.; Johnstone, J.; Loeb, M. Vaccine herd effect. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 43, 683–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gujski, M.; Raciborski, F.; Jankowski, M.; Nowicka, P.M.; Rakocy, K.; Pinkas, J. Epidemiological Analysis of the First 1389 Cases of COVID-19 in Poland: A Preliminary Report. Med. Sci. Monit. 2020, 26, e924702. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Żuk, P.; Żuk, P. One of the Recent Attacks of Smallpox in Europe: A Massive Vaccination Campaign during the Epidemic in Wrocław in 1963. Vaccine 2019, 37, 6125–6131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Statista. Share of Households with Internet Access in Poland from 2007 to 2018. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/377753/household-internet-access-in-poland/ (accessed on 2 May 2020).
Variable | Total n (%) | Mandatory Vaccinations (Vaccines) Are Safe | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Disagree | Tend to Disagree | Hard to Say/Undecided | Tend to Agree | Strongly Agree | p | ||
% (95%CI) | |||||||
Overall | 1079 (100) | 3.4 (2.5–4.7) | 4.5 (3.5–6.0) | 17.5 (15.4–19.9) | 35.9 (33.1–38.8) | 38.7 (35.8–41.6) | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 500 (46.3) | 3.4 (2.1–5.4) | 4.8 (3.2–7.0) | 19.2 (15.9–22.9) | 32.2 (29.2–37.4) | 39.4 (35.2–43.7) | 0.05 |
Female | 579 (53.7) | 3.4 (2.2–5.3) | 4.3 (2.9–6.3) | 16.1 (13.3–19.3) | 38.2 (34.3–42.2) | 38.0 (34.1–42.0) | |
Age (years) | |||||||
18–24 | 134 (12.4) | 2.2 (0.8–6.4) | 6.0 (3.1–11.3) | 14.2 (9.3–21.1) | 36.6 (28.9–45.0) | 41.0 (33.1–49.5) | 0.04 |
25–34 | 233 (21.6) | 6.0 (3.6–9.8) | 6.0 (3.6–9.8) | 24.5 (19.4–30.4) | 28.8 (23.3–34.9) | 34.8 (28.9–41.1) | |
35–44 | 174 (16.1) | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) | 3.5 (1.6–7.3) | 17.2 (12.3–23.5) | 39.7 (32.7–47.1) | 37.9 (31.1–45.3) | |
45–54 | 200 (18.6) | 4.5 (2.4–8.3) | 5.0 (2.7–8.9) | 17.0 (12.4–22.8) | 36.0 (29.7–42.9) | 37.5 (31.1–44.4) | |
55 and over | 338 (31.3) | 2.4 (1.2–4.6) | 3.3 (1.8–5.7) | 14.5 (11.1–18.7) | 38.5 (33.4–43.8) | 41.4 (36.3–46.7) | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 186 (17.2) | 3.8 (1.8–7.6) | 5.5 (2.9–9.6) | 23.2 (17.6–29.7) | 36.0 (29.5–43.1) | 31.7 (25.5–38.7) | 0.5 |
Married | 586 (54.3) | 3.8 (2.5–5.6) | 4.6 (3.2–6.6) | 17.6 (14.7–20.9) | 36.4 (32.6–40.3) | 37.7 (33.9–41.7) | |
Informal relationship | 202 (18.7) | 3.0 (1.4–6.3) | 4.5 (2.4–8.3) | 14.4 (10.2–19.9) | 31.7 (25.7–38.4) | 46.5 (39.8–53.4) | |
Divorced | 62 (5.8) | 1.6 (0.3–8.6) | 3.2 (0.9–11.0) | 12.9 (6.7–23.5) | 41.9 (30.5–54.3) | 40.3 (29.0–52.8) | |
Widowed | 43 (4.0) | 2.3 (0.4–12.1) | 2.3 (0.4–12.1) | 14.0 (6.6–27.3) | 39.5 (26.4–54.4) | 41.9 (28.4–56.7) | |
Having children | |||||||
Yes | 755 (70.0) | 3.4 (2.4–5.0) | 4.5(3.2–6.2) | 16.7 (14.2–19.5) | 36.6 (33.2–40.0) | 38.8 (35.4–42.3) | 0.9 |
No | 324 (30.0) | 3.4 (1.9–6.4) | 4.6 (2.8–7.5) | 19.4 (15.5–24.1) | 34.3 (29.3–39.6) | 38.3 (33.2–43.7) | |
Educational level | |||||||
Primary | 35 (3.2) | 2.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.0 (0.0–9.9) | 37.1 (23.2–53.7) | 34.3 (20.8–50.9) | 25.7 (14.2–42.1) | 0.05 |
Vocational | 98 (9.1) | 1.0 (0.2–5.6) | 3.1 (1.1–8.6) | 19.4 (12.8–28.3) | 38.8 (29.7–48.7) | 37.8 (28.8–47.6) | |
Secondary | 513 (47.5) | 2.5 (1.5–4.3) | 4.9 (3.3–7.1) | 18.1 (15.0–21.7) | 36.3 (32.2–40.5) | 38.2 (34.1–42.5) | |
Higher | 433 (40.1) | 5.1 (3.4–7.6) | 4.9 (3.2–7.3) | 14.8 (11.8–18.4) | 34.9 (30.5–39.5) | 40.4 (35.9–45.1) | |
Occupational status | |||||||
Active | 690 (64.0) | 3.2 (2.1–4.8) | 5.5 (4.0–7.5) | 17.0 (14.3–19.9) | 24.8 (31.1–38.4) | 39.6 (36.0–43.3) | 0.2 |
Passive | 389 (36.0) | 3.9 (2.4–6.3) | 2.8 (1.6–5.3) | 18.5 (15.0–22.7) | 37.8 (33.1–42.7) | 37.0 (32.4–41.9) | |
Professional activity | |||||||
Employee | 625 (57.9) | 3.5 (2.3–5.3) | 5.3 (3.8–7.3) | 17.0 (14.2–20.1) | 34.9 (31.3–38.7) | 39.4 (35.6–43.2) | 0.1 |
Self-employed | 65 (6.0) | 0.0 (0.0–5.6) | 7.7 (3.3–16.8) | 16.9 (9.7–27.8) | 33.9 (23.5–46.0) | 41.5 (30.4–53.7) | |
Unemployed | 111 (10.3) | 2.7 (0.9–7.7) | 3.6 (1.4–8.9) | 28.8 (21.2–37.9) | 35.1 (26.9–44.4) | 29.7 (22.0–38.8) | |
Retired | 224 (20.8) | 3.6 (1.8–6.9) | 2.7 (1.2–5.7) | 14.7 (10.7–19.9) | 39.3 (33.1–45.8) | 39.7 (33.6–46.3) | |
Student | 54 (5.0) | 7.4 (2.9–17.6) | 1.9 (0.3–9.8) | 13.0 (6.4–24.4) | 37.0 (25.4–50.4) | 40.7 (28.7–54.0) | |
Place of residence | |||||||
Rural | 330 (30.6) | 3.3 (1.9–5.9) | 3.9 (2.3–6.6) | 18.5 (14.7–23.0) | 35.8 (30.8–41.1) | 38.5 (33.4–43.8) | 0.5 |
City up to 20,000 residents | 135 (12.5) | 5.2 (2.5–10.3) | 5.9 (3.0–11.3) | 20.7 (14.8–28.3) | 29.6 (22.6–37.8) | 38.5 (30.7–46.9) | |
City between 20,000–100,000 Residents | 226 (21.0) | 2.2 (0.9–5.1) | 7.1 (4.4–11.2) | 17.7 (13.3–23.2) | 37.2 (31.1–43.6) | 35.8 (29.9–42.3) | |
City between 100,000–500,000 Residents | 229 (21.2) | 4.4 (2.4–7.9) | 3.1 (1.5–6.2) | 17.0 (12.7–22.4) | 37.6 (31.5–43.9) | 38.0 (31.9–44.4) | |
City above 500,000 residents | 159 (14.7) | 2.5 (0.9–6.3) | 3.1 (1.3–7.2) | 13.2 (8.8–19.4) | 37.1 (29.9–44.8) | 44.0 (36.5–51.8) |
Mandatory Vaccinations (Vaccines) Are Safe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Yes | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariate Logistic Regression | |||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
n | % (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 363 | 72.6 (68.5–76.3) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 441 | 76.2 (72.5–79.5) | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | 1.19 (0.89–1.57) | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 1.20 (0.91–1.60) |
Age (years) | ||||||
18–24 | 104 | 77.6 (69.8–83.8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
25–34 | 148 | 63.5 (57.2–69.4) | 0.50 (0.31–0.82)* | 0.52 (0.32–0.86)* | 0.48 (0.29–0.80)* | 0.48 (0.29–0.80)* |
35–44 | 135 | 77.6 (70.8–83.2) | 1.00 (0.58–1.71) | 1.06 (0.60–1.87) | 0.97 (0.54–1.74) | 0.96 (0.54–1.72) |
45–54 | 147 | 73.5 (67.0–79.1) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) | 0.86 (0.49–1.50) | 0.80 (0.45–1.40) | 0.79 (0.45–1.40) |
55 and over | 270 | 79.9 (75.3–83.8) | 1.15 (0.71–1.86) | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 1.22 (0.71–2.10) | 1.24 (0.72–2.13) |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 370 | 75.1 (71.1–78.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Ever married | 434 | 74.1 (70.4–77.5) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) |
Having children | ||||||
No | 235 | 72.5 (67.4–77.1) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 569 | 75.4 (72.2–78.3) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | 1.05 (0.73–1.52) | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) |
Educational level | ||||||
Less than higher | 478 | 74.0 (70.5–77.2) | Ref. | - | Ref. | Ref. |
Higher education | 326 | 75.3 (71.0–79.1) | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | - | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 1.10 (0.82–1.48) |
Occupational status | ||||||
Passive | 291 | 74.8 (70.3–78.9) | Ref. | - | Ref. | Ref. |
Active | 513 | 74.4 (71.0–77.5) | 0.98 (0.73–1.30) | - | 1.24 (0.89–1.71) | 1.24 (0.90–1.72) |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 559 | 74.6 (71.4–77.6) | Ref. | - | - | Ref. |
Rural | 245 | 74.2 (69.3–78.7) | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | - | - | 1.09 (0.80–1.48) |
Mandatory Vaccinations (Vaccines) Are Safe | Doctors can be Trusted | I Trust My Doctor | Only Scientific Knowledge Is Trustworthy | Horoscopes Contain a lot of Truth | Governments usually Want the Well-Being of Citizens | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandatory vaccinations (vaccines) are safe | r | - | |||||
p | |||||||
Doctors can be trusted | r | 0.33 | - | ||||
p | 0.0001 | ||||||
I trust my doctor | r | 0.35 | 0.62 | - | |||
p | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |||||
Only scientific knowledge is trustworthy | r | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.22 | - | ||
p | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | - | - | ||
Horoscopes contain a lot of truth | r | −0.13 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.08 | - | - |
p | 0.0001 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 0.01 | |||
Governments usually want the well-being of citizens | r | −0.02 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.18 | - |
p | 0.6 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Mandatory Vaccinations (Vaccines) Are Safe | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Total | Yes | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multivariate Logistic Regression | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
n (%) | n | % (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 300 (40.6) | 20 | 6.7 (4.4–10.1) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Female | 438 (59.4) | 43 | 9.8 (7.4–13.0) | 1.53 (0.88–2.65) | 1.51 (0.86–2.64) | 1.49 (0.85–2.63) | 1.51 (0.86–2.66) | ||
Age (years) | |||||||||
18–34 | 160 (21.7) | 17 | 10.6 (6.7–16.4) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
35–54 | 291 (39.4) | 23 | 7.9 (5.3–11.6) | 0.73 (0.38–1.42) | 0.74 (0.38–1.45) | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | ||
55 and over | 287 (38.9) | 23 | 8.0 (5.4–11.7) | 0.72 (0.37–1.40) | 0.76 (0.39–1.47) | 0.67 (0.33–1.35) | 0.61 (0.30–1.25) | ||
Marital status | |||||||||
Never married | 219 (29.7) | 16 | 7.3 (4.6–11.5) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Ever married | 519 (70.3) | 47 | 9.1 (6.9–11.8) | 1.26 (0.70–2.28) | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 1.36 (0.75–2.48) | 1.49 (0.81–2.74) | ||
Educational level | |||||||||
Less than higher | 428 (58.0) | 32 | 7.5 (5.4–10.4) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Higher education | 310 (42.0) | 31 | 10.0 (7.1–13.8) | 1.38 (0.82–2.31) | 1.46 (0.86–2.48) | 1.37 (0.81–2.33) | |||
Occupational status | |||||||||
Passive | 260 (35.2) | 25 | 9.6 (6.6–13.8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Active | 478 (64.8) | 38 | 8.0 (5.9–10.7) | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.73 (0.40–1.33) | 0.70 (0.39–1.29) | |||
Place of residence | |||||||||
Urban | 520 (70.5) | 50 | 9.6 (7.4–12.5) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Rural | 218 (29.5) | 13 | 6.0 (3.5–9.9) | 0.60 (0.32–1.12) | 0.56 (0.29–1.07) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Furman, F.M.; Zgliczyński, W.S.; Jankowski, M.; Baran, T.; Szumowski, Ł.; Pinkas, J. The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124565
Furman FM, Zgliczyński WS, Jankowski M, Baran T, Szumowski Ł, Pinkas J. The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124565
Chicago/Turabian StyleFurman, Filip M., Wojciech Stefan Zgliczyński, Mateusz Jankowski, Tomasz Baran, Łukasz Szumowski, and Jarosław Pinkas. 2020. "The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124565
APA StyleFurman, F. M., Zgliczyński, W. S., Jankowski, M., Baran, T., Szumowski, Ł., & Pinkas, J. (2020). The State of Vaccine Confidence in Poland: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124565