Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Sample Pretreatment
2.2. Experimental Analyses
2.3. Assessment of Health Risk from Geothermal Springs
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrences and Distributions of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs and Boreholes
3.2. Evaluation of Potential Human Health Risk Associated with Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs and Boreholes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
TSS | TSW | SGS | SGW | MPS | MPW | SAW | SH1 | SH2 | BH1 | BH2 | SCC | TTP | HI−Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Be | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.10 | 3.50 | 8.03 × 10−1 | 5.40 × 10−3 | 1.56 | 3.08 | 3.00 × 10−2 | 1.92 | 2.12 | 2.62 | 4.06 | 3.04 | 5.40 × 10−3 | 2.38 × 101 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Adult | Ingestion | 2.46 × 10−2 | 7.86 × 10−2 | 1.80 × 10−2 | 1.21 × 10−4 | 3.50 × 10−2 | 6.91 × 10−2 | 6.73 × 10−4 | 4.32 × 10−2 | 4.75 × 10−2 | 5.88 × 10−2 | 9.11 × 10−2 | 6.82 × 10−2 | 1.21 × 10−4 | 5.35 × 10−1 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
V | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 4.37 × 10−1 | 3.98 × 10−1 | 3.22 × 10−1 | 3.47 × 10−1 | 3.88 × 10−1 | 3.32 × 10−1 | 7.64 × 10−2 | 3.22 × 10−1 | 4.20 × 10−1 | 1.22 × 10−1 | 2.97 × 10−1 | 4.25 × 10−1 | 1.10 × 10−1 | 4.00 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Adult | Ingestion | 9.81 × 10−3 | 8.94 × 10−3 | 7.22 × 10−3 | 7.80 × 10−3 | 8.70 × 10−3 | 7.46 × 10−3 | 1.72 × 10−3 | 7.24 × 10−3 | 9.42 × 10−3 | 2.74 × 10−3 | 6.66 × 10−3 | 9.53 × 10−3 | 2.47 | 8.97 × 10−2 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Cr | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 4.98 × 10−1 | 3.46 × 10−1 | 4.19 × 10−1 | 2.66 × 10−1 | 4.23 × 10−1 | 3.36 × 10−1 | 3.60 × 10−3 | 4.16 × 10−1 | 4.43 × 10−1 | 2.80 × 10−1 | 2.59 × 10−1 | 4.86 × 10−1 | 3.61 × 10−1 | 4.54 |
Dermal | 1.83 × 10−3 | 1.27 × 10−3 | 1.54 × 10−3 | 9.74 × 10−4 | 1.55 × 10−3 | 1.23 × 10−3 | 1.32 × 10−5 | 1.53 × 10−3 | 1.63 × 10−3 | 1.03 × 10−3 | 9.51 × 10−4 | 1.78 × 10−3 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 1.66 × 10−2 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 1.12 × 10−2 | 7.76 × 10−3 | 9.41 × 10−3 | 5.97 × 10−3 | 9.49 × 10−3 | 7.55 × 10−3 | 8.08 × 10−5 | 9.34 × 10−3 | 9.95 × 10−3 | 6.28 × 10−3 | 5.82 × 10−3 | 1.09 × 10−2 | 8.10 × 10−3 | 1.02 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 5.31 × 10−5 | 3.68 × 10−5 | 4.47 × 10−5 | 2.83 × 10−5 | 4.50 × 10−5 | 3.58 × 10−5 | 3.84 × 10−7 | 4.43 × 10−5 | 4.72 × 10−5 | 2.98 × 10−5 | 2.76 × 10−5 | 5.17 × 10−5 | 3.85 × 10−5 | 4.83 × 10−4 | |
Mn | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.33 × 10−2 | 1.11 × 10−2 | 5.15 × 10−2 | 1.28 × 10−1 | 1.83 × 10−1 | 5.32 × 10−3 | 1.20 × 10−3 | 6.27 × 10−3 | 9.73 × 10−3 | 5.38 × 10−1 | 8.28 × 10−3 | 7.62 × 10−3 | 7.35 × 10−2 | 1.04 |
Dermal | 8.21 × 10−4 | 6.84 × 10−4 | 3.17 × 10−3 | 7.86 × 10−3 | 1.13 × 10−2 | 3.28 × 10−4 | 7.38 × 10−5 | 3.86 × 10−4 | 5.99 × 10−4 | 3.31 × 10−2 | 5.09 × 10−4 | 4.69 × 10−4 | 4.52 × 10−3 | 6.38 × 10−2 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 2.99 × 10−4 | 2.50 × 10−4 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 2.87 × 10−3 | 4.11 × 10−3 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 2.69 × 10−5 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 2.18 × 10−4 | 1.21 × 10−2 | 1.86 × 10−4 | 1.71 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 2.33 × 10−2 |
Dermal | 2.38 × 10−5 | 1.99 × 10−5 | 9.21 × 10−5 | 2.28 × 10−4 | 3.27 × 10−4 | 9.52 × 10−6 | 2.15 × 10−6 | 1.12 × 10−5 | 1.74 × 10−5 | 9.61 × 10−4 | 1.48 × 10−5 | 1.36 × 10−5 | 1.31 × 10−4 | 1.85 × 10−3 | |
Co | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.26 × 10−3 | 1.67 × 10−3 | 2.59 × 10−3 | 2.13 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 2.19 × 10−3 | 2.40 × 10−4 | 1.12 × 10−3 | 1.57 × 10−3 | 2.05 × 10−2 | 3.05 × 10−3 | 1.43 × 10−3 | 1.02 × 10−3 | 4.05 × 10−2 |
Dermal | 1.62 × 10−2 | 2.15 × 10−2 | 3.33 × 10−2 | 2.75 × 10−2 | 2.25 × 10−2 | 2.81 × 10−2 | 3.09 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−2 | 2.01 × 10−2 | 2.64 × 10−1 | 3.92 × 10−2 | 1.84 × 10−2 | 1.31 × 10−2 | 5.21 × 10−1 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 2.82 × 10−5 | 3.75 × 10−5 | 5.82 × 10−5 | 4.79 × 10−5 | 3.92 × 10−5 | 4.91 × 10−5 | 5.39 × 10−6 | 2.51 × 10−5 | 3.52 × 10−5 | 4.61 × 10−4 | 6.84 × 10−5 | 3.21 × 10−5 | 2.29 × 10−5 | 9.10 × 10−4 |
Dermal | 4.69 × 10−4 | 6.25 × 10−4 | 9.69 × 10−4 | 7.98 × 10−4 | 6.53 × 10−4 | 8.17 × 10−4 | 8.97 × 10−5 | 4.17 × 10−4 | 5.85 × 10−4 | 7.67 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−3 | 5.34 × 10−4 | 3.81 × 10−4 | 1.52 × 10−2 | |
Ni | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.35 × 10−2 | 1.58 × 10−2 | 5.95 × 10−3 | 6.63 × 10−3 | 1.28 × 10−2 | 5.06 × 10−3 | 4.26 × 10−3 | 4.90 × 10−3 | 8.89 × 10−3 | 7.51 × 10−2 | 3.27 × 10−3 | 1.13 × 10−2 | 9.43 × 10−3 | 1.77 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 1.08 × 10−8 | 1.26 × 10−8 | 4.75 × 10−9 | 5.30 × 10−9 | 1.02 × 10−8 | 4.04 × 10−9 | 3.40 × 10−9 | 3.92 × 10−9 | 7.11 × 10−9 | 6.00 × 10−8 | 2.61 × 10−9 | 9.03 × 10−9 | 7.53 × 10−9 | 1.41 × 10−7 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 3.02 × 10−4 | 3.55 × 10−4 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 1.49 × 10−4 | 2.88 × 10−4 | 1.13 × 10−4 | 9.56 × 10−5 | 1.10 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.69 × 10−3 | 7.34 × 10−5 | 2.54 × 10−4 | 2.12 × 10−4 | 3.97 × 10−3 |
Dermal | 5.13 × 10−6 | 6.02 × 10−6 | 2.26 × 10−6 | 2.52 × 10−6 | 4.88 × 10−6 | 1.92 × 10−6 | 1.62 × 10−6 | 1.87 × 10−6 | 3.38 × 10−6 | 2.86 × 10−5 | 1.24 × 10−6 | 4.30 × 10−6 | 3.59 × 10−6 | 6.73 × 10−5 | |
Cu | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 3.88 × 10−2 | 6.08 × 10−2 | 9.92 × 10−2 | 2.08 × 10−4 | 4.15 × 10−3 | 2.92 × 10−5 | 1.14 × 10−3 | 2.92 × 10−5 | 5.96 × 10−3 | 1.02 × 10−1 | 1.12 × 10−3 | 6.98 × 10−3 | 1.56 × 10−2 | 3.36 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 2.19 × 10−4 | 3.44 × 10−4 | 5.61 × 10−4 | 1.18 × 10−6 | 2.35 × 10−5 | 1.65 × 10−7 | 6.42 × 10−6 | 1.65 × 10−7 | 3.37 × 10−5 | 5.75 × 10−4 | 6.31 × 10−6 | 3.94 × 10−5 | 8.83 × 10−5 | 1.90 × 10−3 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 8.71 × 10−4 | 1.37 × 10−3 | 2.23 × 10−3 | 4.67 × 10−6 | 9.32 × 10−5 | 6.55 × 10−7 | 2.55 × 10−5 | 6.55 × 10−7 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 2.29 × 10−3 | 2.50 × 10−5 | 1.57 × 10−4 | 3.51 × 10−4 | 7.54 × 10−3 |
Dermal | 6.37 × 10−6 | 9.99 × 10−6 | 1.63 × 10−5 | 3.42 × 10−8 | 6.82 × 10−7 | 4.79 × 10−9 | 1.86 × 10−7 | 4.79 × 10−9 | 9.80 × 10−7 | 1.67 × 10−5 | 1.83 × 10−7 | 1.15 × 10−6 | 2.57 × 10−6 | 5.52 × 10−5 | |
Zn | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.25 × 10−1 | 1.86 × 10−1 | 1.18 × 10−1 | 7.78 × 10−2 | 1.97 × 10−2 | 8.40 × 10−3 | 3.80 × 10−4 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 3.6 × 10-6 | 1.40 × 10−1 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 1.79 × 10−2 | 6.94 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 1.84 × 10−3 | 2.73 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−3 | 2.90 × 10−4 | 1.23 × 10−4 | 5.57 × 10−6 | 5.28 × 10−8 | 5.28 × 10−8 | 2.06 × 10−3 | 5.28 × 10−8 | 5.28 × 10−8 | 2.63 × 10−4 | 1.02 × 10−2 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 7.30 × 10−4 | 2.34 × 10−3 | 5.35 × 10−4 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 1.04 × 10−3 | 2.05 × 10−3 | 2.00 × 10−5 | 1.28 × 10−3 | 1.41 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 2.70 × 10−3 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 1.59 × 10−2 |
Dermal | 5.33 × 10−5 | 7.92 × 10−5 | 5.02 × 10−5 | 3.32 × 10−5 | 8.41 × 10−6 | 3.58 × 10−6 | 1.62 × 10−7 | 1.53 × 10−9 | 1.53 × 10−9 | 5.98 × 10−5 | 1.53 × 10−9 | 1.53 × 10−9 | 7.65 × 10−6 | 2.96 × 10−4 | |
As | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 8.17 × 10−1 | 8.05 × 10−1 | 5.41 × 10−1 | 7.89 × 10−1 | 1.09 | 8.39 × 10−1 | 4.04 × 10−1 | 4.13 × 10−1 | 1.22 | 7.68 × 10−1 | 5.18 × 10−1 | 1.22 | 5.20 × 10−1 | 9.94 |
Dermal | 2.99 × 10−3 | 2.95 × 10−3 | 1.98 × 10−3 | 2.89 × 10−3 | 3.99 × 10−3 | 3.07 × 10−3 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 1.51 × 10−3 | 4.46 × 10−3 | 2.82 × 10−3 | 1.90 × 10−3 | 4.47 × 10−3 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 3.64 × 10−2 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 1.83 × 10−2 | 1.81 × 10−2 | 1.21 × 10−2 | 1.77 × 10−2 | 2.44 × 10−2 | 1.88 × 10−2 | 9.07 × 10−3 | 9.27 × 10−3 | 2.73 × 10−2 | 1.72 × 10−2 | 1.16 × 10−2 | 2.74 × 10−2 | 1.17 × 10−2 | 2.23 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 8.70 × 10−5 | 8.58 × 10−5 | 5.77 × 10−5 | 8.41 × 10−5 | 1.16 × 10−4 | 8.93 × 10−5 | 4.30 × 10−5 | 4.40 × 10−5 | 1.30 × 10−4 | 8.18 × 10−5 | 5.51 × 10−5 | 1.30 × 10−4 | 5.54 × 10−5 | 1.06 × 10−3 | |
Se | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.40 × 10−1 | 1.48 × 10−1 | 9.25 × 10−2 | 1.38 × 10−1 | 2.41 × 10−1 | 1.54 × 10−1 | 1.63 × 10−2 | 1.22 × 10−1 | 2.63 × 10−1 | 1.40 × 10−1 | 8.68 × 10−2 | 2.63 × 10−1 | 7.79 × 10−2 | 1.88 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
− | Ingestion | 3.14 × 10−3 | 3.33 × 10−3 | 2.08 × 10−3 | 3.09 × 10−3 | 5.40 × 10−3 | 3.46 × 10−3 | 3.66 × 10−4 | 2.73 × 10−3 | 5.90 × 10−3 | 3.15 × 10−3 | 1.95 × 10−3 | 5.89 × 10−3 | 1.75 × 10−3 | 4.22 × 10−2 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Cd | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 6.7 × 10−3 | 2.94 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 6.46 × 10−3 | 9.20 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 8.40 × 10−4 | 8.71 × 10−2 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 8.40 × 10−4 | 5.40 × 10−3 | 1.34 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 2.48 × 10−5 | 1.08 × 10−5 | 5.87 × 10−6 | 2.37 × 10−5 | 3.37 × 10−6 | 6.05 × 10−5 | 8.80 × 10−6 | 3.96 × 10−6 | 3.08 × 10−6 | 3.19 × 10−4 | 3.96 × 10−6 | 3.08 × 10−6 | 1.98 × 10−5 | 4.91 × 10−4 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 1.52 × 10−4 | 6.60 × 10−5 | 3.59 × 10−5 | 1.45 × 10−4 | 2.07 × 10−5 | 3.70 × 10−4 | 5.39 × 10−5 | 2.42 × 10−5 | 1.89 × 10−5 | 1.96 × 10−3 | 2.42 × 10−5 | 1.89 × 10−5 | 1.21 × 10−4 | 3.01 × 10−3 |
Dermal | 7.20 × 10−7 | 3.13 × 10−7 | 1.70 × 10−7 | 6.88 × 10−7 | 9.80 × 10−8 | 1.76 × 10−6 | 2.56 × 10−7 | 1.15 × 10−7 | 8.95 × 10−8 | 9.28 × 10−6 | 1.15 × 10−7 | 8.95 × 10−8 | 5.75 × 10−7 | 1.43 × 10−5 | |
Sb | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 1.59 × 10−2 | 6.60 × 10−3 | 9.40 × 10−3 | 1.76 × 10−2 | 1.07 × 10−2 | 5.18 × 10−2 | 9.00 × 10−3 | 1.50 × 10−3 | 4.50 × 10−3 | 3.66 × 10−2 | 2.37 × 10−2 | 2.70 × 10−3 | 2.85 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−1 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Adult | Ingestion | 3.57 × 10−4 | 1.48 × 10−4 | 2.11 × 10−4 | 3.96 × 10−4 | 2.40 × 10−4 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 3.37 × 10−5 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 8.22 × 10−4 | 5.32 × 10−4 | 6.06 × 10−5 | 6.40 × 10−4 | 4.90 × 10−3 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Ba | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 9.22 × 10−4 | 1.58 × 10−2 | 4.68 × 10−4 | 2.54 × 10−2 | 5.28 × 10−3 | 1.74 × 10−2 | 6.25 × 10−3 | 2.27 × 10−4 | 4.32 × 10−3 | 4.04 × 10−2 | 4.32 × 10−2 | 4.10 × 10−3 | 5.40 × 10−6 | 1.64 × 10−1 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Adult | Ingestion | 2.07 × 10−5 | 3.55 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−5 | 5.71 × 10−4 | 1.18 × 10−4 | 3.91 × 10−4 | 1.40 × 10−4 | 5.10 × 10−6 | 9.70 × 10−5 | 9.07 × 10−4 | 9.70 × 10−4 | 9.21 × 10−5 | 1.21 × 10−7 | 3.68 × 10−3 |
Dermal | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
Hg | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 2.44 | 2.48 × 10−1 | 1.30 | 1.61 × 10−1 | 7.27 × 10−1 | 1.72 × 10−1 | 1.40 × 10−1 | 2.65 × 10−1 | 3.19 × 10−1 | 6.12 × 10−2 | 6.40 × 10−1 | 1.84 × 10−1 | 2.88 × 10−1 | 6.95 |
Dermal | 8.96 × 10−3 | 9.11 × 10−4 | 4.78 × 10−3 | 5.90 × 10−4 | 2.67 × 10−3 | 6.31 × 10−4 | 5.13 × 10−4 | 9.71 × 10−4 | 1.17 × 10−3 | 2.24 × 10−4 | 2.35 × 10−3 | 6.75 × 10−4 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 2.55 × 10−2 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 5.49 × 10−2 | 5.58 × 10−3 | 2.93 × 10−2 | 3.62 × 10−3 | 1.63 × 10−2 | 3.87 × 10−3 | 3.14 × 10−3 | 5.94 × 10−3 | 7.17 × 10−3 | 1.37 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−2 | 4.13 × 10−3 | 6.47 × 10−3 | 1.56 × 10−1 |
Dermal | 2.60 × 10−4 | 2.65 × 10−5 | 1.39 × 10−4 | 1.72 × 10−5 | 7.74 × 10−5 | 1.83 × 10−5 | 1.49 × 10−5 | 2.82 × 10−5 | 3.40 × 10−5 | 6.52 × 10−6 | 6.81 × 10−5 | 1.96 × 10−5 | 3.07 × 10−5 | 7.41 × 10−4 | |
Pb | |||||||||||||||
Children | Ingestion | 9.67 × 10−3 | 1.12 × 10−2 | 1.68 × 10−2 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−3 | 5.86 × 10−03 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−4 | 2.19 × 10−3 | 5.09 × 10−2 |
Dermal | 2.36 × 10−4 | 2.73 × 10−4 | 4.10 × 10−4 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−5 | 1.43 × 10−04 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 5.36 × 10−5 | 1.24 × 10−3 | |
Adult | Ingestion | 2.17 × 10−4 | 2.51 × 10−4 | 3.77 × 10−4 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−5 | 1.32 × 10−04 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 6.93 × 10−6 | 4.93 × 10−5 | 1.14 × 10−3 |
Dermal | 6.87 × 10−6 | 7.94 × 10−6 | 1.19 × 10−5 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−6 | 4.16 × 10−06 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 2.19 × 10−7 | 1.56 × 10−6 | 3.62 × 10−5 |
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Sampling Site | Surface Geology and Geological Structures |
---|---|
Mphephu | Quartzite and Sandstone, Reverse fault between Waterberg Group quartzite and Dominion Reef lava |
Sagole | Mudstone, shale, subordinate micaceous sandstone, carbonaceous shale, siltstone, micaceous sandstone. Mikambeni Formation and Madzaringwe Formation, Karoo Supergroup |
Siloam | Basalt, minor tuff, Sibasa Formation, Soutpansberg Group |
Tshipise | Basalt, minor andesite, cream-coloured sandstone, dolerite sills and dykes Intersection of 2 post-Permian faults in upper Karoo |
Parameter | Unit | Child | Adult |
---|---|---|---|
Body weight (BW) | Kg | 15 | 70 |
Exposure frequency (EF) | days/year | 365 | 365 |
Exposure duration (ED) | Years | 6 | 70 |
Ingestion rate (IR) | L/day | 1.8 | 2.2 |
Skin surface area (SA) | cm2 | 6,600 | 18,000 |
Particulate emission factor (PEF) | m3/kg | 1.3 × 109 | 1.3 × 109 |
Exposure time (ET) | h/day | 1 | 0.58 |
Averaging Time (AT) | Days | 365 × 6 | 365 × 70 |
Conversation factor (CF) | L/cm3 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
TM | RfDingestion | RfDdermal | exP |
---|---|---|---|
As | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 1.50 |
Ba | 2.00 × 10−1 | - | - |
Be | 2.00 × 10−4 | - | - |
Cd | 1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 6.30 |
Cr | 3.00 × 10−3 | 3.00 × 10−3 | 5.00 × 10−1 |
Co | 2.00 × 10−2 | 5.70 × 10−6 | - |
Cu | 3.70 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−2 | - |
Hg | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | - |
Mn | 2.40 × 10−2 | 1.43 × 10−3 | - |
Ni | 2.00 × 10−2 | 5.60 × 10−3 | - |
Pb | 3.50 × 10−3 | 5.25 × 10−4 | 8.50 × 10−3 |
Sb | 4.00 × 10−4 | - | − |
Se | 5.00 × 10−3 | - | - |
V | 5.04 × 10−3 | - | - |
Zn | 3.00 × 10−1 | 7.50 × 10−2 | - |
SANS; WHO | TSS | TSW | SGS | SGW | MPS | MPW | SAW | SH1 | SH2 | BH1 | BH2 | SCC | TTP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp (°C) | 55.40 | 54.60 | 44.80 | 42.40 | 42.70 | 41.30 | 67.70 | 45.20 | 48.40 | 22.40 | 21.40 | 20.10 | 22.50 | |
pH | 6−9 | 8.47 | 8.46 | 7.98 | 8.82 | 8.15 | 8.05 | 9.39 | 8.86 | 9.19 | 8.17 | 8.1 | 7.17 | 8.17 |
EC (µS/cm) | ˂750 | 745.00 | 746.67 | 347.33 | 330.00 | 365.00 | 335.00 | 340.00 | 630.00 | 330.00 | 690.00 | 730.00 | 90.00 | 290.00 |
Alkalinity (mg/L) | 10.75 | 11.12 | 6.5 | 10.50 | 6.00 | 12.5 | 107.52 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 25.50 | 17.50 | 2.00 | 11.50 | |
Be (μg/ L) | 1.83 | 5.84 | 1.34 | 0.01 | 2.60 | 5.13 | 0.05 | 3.21 | 3.53 | 4.37 | 6.76 | 5.06 | 0.01 | |
V (μg/ L) | 18.36 | 16.74 | 13.51 | 14.59 | 16.28 | 13.96 | 3.21 | 13.54 | 17.63 | 5.12 | 12.46 | 17.83 | 4.62 | |
Cr (μg/ L) | 50; 100 | 12.46 | 8.64 | 10.48 | 6.64 | 10.57 | 8.40 | 0.09 | 10.40 | 11.08 | 6.99 | 6.48 | 12.14 | 9.03 |
Mn (μg/ L) | 500; 1000 | 2.67 | 2.22 | 10.30 | 25.55 | 36.60 | 1.06 | 0.24 | 1.25 | 1.95 | 107.50 | 1.66 | 1.52 | 14.69 |
Co (μg/ L) | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 3.42 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.17 | |
Ni (μg/ L) | 20; 150 | 2.25 | 2.64 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 2.14 | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 1.48 | 12.52 | 0.55 | 1.88 | 1.57 |
Cu (μg/ L) | 2000; 1000 | 11.97 | 18.75 | 30.58 | 0.06 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 1.84 | 31.39 | 0.34 | 2.15 | 4.82 |
Zn (μg/ L) | 3000; 5000 | 312.90 | 464.85 | 294.38 | 194.59 | 49.35 | 21.00 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 350.90 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 44.86 |
As (μg/ L) | 10; 10 | 2.04 | 2.01 | 1.35 | 1.97 | 2.72 | 2.10 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 3.04 | 1.92 | 1.29 | 3.05 | 1.30 |
Se (μg/ L) | 5.83 | 6.18 | 3.86 | 5.74 | 10.02 | 6.42 | 0.68 | 5.07 | 10.95 | 5.85 | 3.62 | 10.94 | 3.25 | |
Cd (μg/ L) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |
Sb (μg/ L) | 5; 5 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Ba (μg/ L) | 1.54 | 26.39 | 0.78 | 42.39 | 8.79 | 29.00 | 10.42 | 0.38 | 7.20 | 67.32 | 71.98 | 6.84 | 0.01 | |
Hg (μg/ L) | 1; 1 | 6.11 | 0.62 | 3.26 | 0.40 | 1.82 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.15 | 1.60 | 0.46 | 0.72 |
Pb (μg/ L) | 10; 20 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Variables | Temp | pH | EC | Alk | Be | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Se | Cd | Sb | Ba | Hg | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
pH | 0.71 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
EC | 0.13 | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
Alkalinity | 0.48 | 0.55 | −0.04 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Be | −0.36 | −0.42 | 0.37 | −0.33 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
V | 0.13 | −0.22 | 0.02 | −0.65 | 0.37 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Cr | −0.25 | −0.48 | −0.04 | −0.86 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Mn | −0.38 | −0.13 | 0.20 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.40 | −0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Co | −0.42 | −0.17 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.23 | −0.39 | −0.13 | 0.93 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Ni | −0.34 | −0.16 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.19 | −0.34 | −0.05 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Cu | −0.06 | −0.23 | 0.35 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.15 | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Zn | 0.18 | −0.06 | 0.53 | −0.18 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 1.00 | |||||||
As | −0.14 | −0.30 | −0.35 | −0.44 | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.12 | −0.11 | −0.03 | 1.00 | ||||||
Se | −0.21 | −0.32 | −0.29 | −0.58 | 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 | −0.15 | −0.11 | 0.95 | 1.00 | |||||
Cd | −0.35 | −0.12 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.17 | −0.44 | −0.17 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 1.00 | ||||
Sb | −0.36 | −0.24 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −0.37 | −0.21 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.09 | 0.03 | −0.13 | −0.22 | 0.54 | 1.00 | |||
Ba | −0.42 | −0.10 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.48 | −0.22 | −0.41 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.19 | −0.09 | −0.15 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 1.00 | ||
Hg | 0.26 | −0.09 | 0.33 | −0.21 | −0.18 | 0.38 | 0.44 | −0.19 | −0.20 | −0.15 | 0.26 | 0.33 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.21 | −0.13 | −0.30 | 1.00 | |
Pb | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.30 | −0.10 | −0.15 | 0.19 | 0.23 | −0.26 | −0.19 | −0.15 | 0.60 | 0.61 | −0.34 | −0.31 | −0.22 | −0.34 | −0.39 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | −0.4432 | −0.4625 | 0.4421 | −0.2965 | 0.4432 |
pH | −0.1900 | −0.6551 | 0.0840 | −0.2828 | 0.5248 |
EC | 0.3886 | −0.0839 | 0.5363 | 0.4553 | 0.4652 |
Alkalinity | 0.0419 | −0.8558 | −0.1334 | −0.1990 | 0.1804 |
Be | 0.2417 | 0.5150 | −0.1384 | 0.5436 | 0.4214 |
V | −0.4874 | 0.7351 | 0.2189 | 0.0749 | 0.3380 |
Cr | −0.2476 | 0.8574 | 0.2698 | −0.0474 | −0.1765 |
Mn | 0.8936 | 0.0911 | −0.0276 | −0.3416 | −0.0365 |
Co | 0.9687 | 0.0988 | 0.0185 | −0.1507 | 0.0416 |
Ni | 0.9219 | 0.1502 | 0.0891 | −0.2885 | 0.0746 |
Cu | 0.6030 | 0.1119 | 0.6812 | −0.1419 | −0.1886 |
Zn | 0.4386 | 0.1176 | 0.7799 | −0.0682 | 0.1081 |
As | −0.1061 | 0.7733 | −0.2425 | −0.4112 | 0.2689 |
Se | −0.1487 | 0.8540 | −0.2373 | −0.3470 | 0.2594 |
Cd | 0.9591 | 0.0341 | −0.0101 | −0.1859 | 0.0197 |
Sb | 0.5607 | −0.0521 | −0.2696 | 0.3223 | −0.2290 |
Ba | 0.7120 | −0.0234 | −0.2423 | 0.4370 | 0.3215 |
Hg | −0.2335 | 0.1716 | 0.6983 | 0.0980 | −0.1280 |
Pb | −0.1928 | −0.0659 | 0.9167 | 0.0710 | −0.1803 |
Eigenvalue | 5.7517 | 4.3560 | 3.3038 | 1.5992 | 1.4443 |
Variability (%) | 30.2721 | 22.9262 | 17.3885 | 8.4166 | 7.6015 |
Cumulative (%) | 30.2721 | 53.1983 | 70.5868 | 79.0034 | 86.6050 |
TSS | TSW | SGS | SGW | MPS | MPW | SAW | SH1 | SH2 | BH1 | BH2 | SCC | TTP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Be | Children | 2.19 × 10−1 | 7.01 × 10−1 | 1.61 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 3.12 × 10−1 | 6.16 × 10−1 | 6.00 × 10−3 | 3.85 × 10−1 | 4.23 × 10−1 | 5.24 × 10−1 | 8.11 × 10−1 | 6.07 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 |
Adult | 5.74 × 10−2 | 1.83 × 10−1 | 4.21 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 8.16 × 10−2 | 1.61 × 10−1 | 1.57 × 10−3 | 1.01 × 10−1 | 1.11 × 10−1 | 1.37 × 10−1 | 2.13 × 10−1 | 1.59 × 10−1 | 2.83 × 10−4 | |
V | Children | 2.20 | 2.01 | 1.62 | 1.75 | 1.95 | 1.68 | 3.85 × 10−1 | 1.62 | 2.12 | 6.14 × 10−1 | 1.50 | 2.14 | 5.54 × 10−1 |
Adult | 5.77 × 10−1 | 5.26 × 10−01 | 4.25 × 10−1 | 4.59 × 10−1 | 5.12 × 10−1 | 4.39 × 10−1 | 1.01 × 10−1 | 4.26 × 10−1 | 5.54 × 10−1 | 1.61 × 10−1 | 3.92 × 10−1 | 5.60 × 10−1 | 1.45 × 10−1 | |
Cr | Children | 1.50 | 1.04 | 1.26 | 7.97 × 10−1 | 1.27 | 1.01 | 1.08 × 10−2 | 1.25 | 1.33 | 8.39 × 10−1 | 7.78 × 10−1 | 1.46 | 1.08 |
Adult | 3.92 × 10−1 | 2.71 × 10−1 | 3.29 × 10−1 | 2.09 × 10−1 | 3.32 × 10−1 | 2.64 × 10−1 | 2.83 × 10−3 | 3.27 × 10−1 | 3.48 × 10−1 | 2.20 × 10−01 | 2.04 × 10−1 | 3.82 × 10−1 | 2.84 × 10−1 | |
Mn | Children | 3.20 × 10−1 | 2.67 × 10−1 | 1.24 | 3.07 | 4.39 | 1.28 × 10−1 | 2.88 × 10−2 | 1.50 × 10−1 | 2.34 × 10−1 | 1.29 × 101 | 1.99 × 10−1 | 1.83 × 10−1 | 1.76 |
Adult | 8.38 × 10−2 | 6.99 × 10−2 | 3.24 × 10−1 | 8.03 × 10−1 | 1.15 | 3.35 × 10−2 | 7.54 × 10−3 | 3.94 × 10−2 | 6.12 × 10−2 | 3.38 | 5.20 × 10−2 | 4.79 × 10−2 | 4.62 × 10−1 | |
Co | Children | 2.51 × 10−2 | 3.34 × 10−2 | 5.18 × 10−2 | 4.27 × 10−2 | 3.49 × 10−2 | 4.37 × 10−2 | 4.80 × 10−3 | 2.23 × 10−2 | 3.13 × 10−2 | 4.11 × 10−1 | 6.10 × 10−2 | 2.86 × 10−2 | 2.04 × 10−2 |
Adult | 6.58 × 10−3 | 8.75 × 10−3 | 1.36 × 10−2 | 1.12 × 10−2 | 9.15 × 10−3 | 1.15 × 10−2 | 1.26 × 10−3 | 5.85 × 10−3 | 8.20 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−1 | 1.60 × 10−2 | 7.48 × 10−3 | 5.34 × 10−3 | |
Ni | Children | 2.69 × 10−1 | 3.16 × 10−1 | 1.19 × 10−1 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 2.56 × 10−1 | 1.01 × 10−1 | 8.52 × 10−2 | 9.80 × 10−2 | 1.78 × 10−1 | 1.50 | 6.54 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−1 | 1.89 × 10−1 |
Adult | 7.06 × 10−2 | 8.28 × 10−2 | 3.12 × 10−2 | 3.47 × 10−2 | 6.72 × 10−2 | 2.65 × 10−2 | 2.23 × 10−2 | 2.57 × 10−2 | 4.66 × 10−2 | 3.93 × 10−1 | 1.71 × 10−2 | 5.92 × 10−2 | 4.94 × 10−2 | |
Cu | Children | 1.44 | 2.25 | 3.67 | 7.70 × 10−3 | 1.54 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 4.20 × 10−2 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 2.21 × 10−1 | 3.77 | 4.13 × 10−2 | 2.58 × 10−1 | 5.78 × 10−1 |
Adult | 3.76 × 10−1 | 5.89 × 10−1 | 9.61 × 10−1 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 4.02 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 1.10 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 5.78 × 10−2 | 9.87 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−2 | 6.76 × 10−2 | 1.51 × 10−1 | |
Zn | Children | 3.75 × 101 | 5.58 × 101 | 3.53 × 101 | 2.34 × 10+1 | 5.92 | 2.52 | 1.14 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 4.21 × 101 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 5.38 |
Adult | 9.83 | 1.46 × 101 | 9.25 | 6.12 | 1.55 | 6.60 × 10−1 | 2.99 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 1.10 × 101 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 1.41 | |
As | Children | 2.45 × 10−1 | 2.42 × 10−1 | 1.62 × 10−1 | 2.37 × 10−1 | 3.27 × 10−1 | 2.52 × 10−1 | 1.21 × 10−1 | 1.24 × 10−1 | 3.65 × 10−1 | 2.30 × 10−1 | 1.55 × 10−1 | 3.66 × 10−1 | 1.56 × 10−1 |
Adult | 6.42 × 10−2 | 6.33 × 10−2 | 4.25 × 10−2 | 6.20 × 10−2 | 8.55 × 10−2 | 6.59 × 10−2 | 3.17 × 10−2 | 3.24 × 10−2 | 9.56 × 10−2 | 6.03 × 10−2 | 4.07 × 10−2 | 9.59 × 10−2 | 4.09 × 10−2 | |
Se | Children | 6.99 × 10−1 | 7.42 × 10−1 | 4.63 × 10−1 | 6.89 × 10−1 | 1.20 | 7.70 × 10−1 | 8.16 × 10−2 | 6.08 × 10−1 | 1.31 | 7.02 × 10−1 | 4.34 × 10−1 | 1.31 | 3.90 × 10−1 |
Adult | 1.83 × 10−1 | 1.94 × 10−1 | 1.21 × 10−1 | 1.80 × 10−1 | 3.15 × 10−1 | 2.02 × 10−1 | 2.14 × 10−2 | 1.59 × 10−1 | 3.44 × 10−1 | 1.84 × 10−1 | 1.14 × 10−1 | 3.44 × 10−1 | 1.02 × 10−1 | |
Cd | Children | 6.76 × 10−3 | 2.94 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 6.46 × 10−3 | 9.20 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 8.40 × 10−4 | 8.71 × 10−2 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 8.40 × 10−4 | 5.40 × 10−3 |
Adult | 1.77 × 10−3 | 7.70 × 10−4 | 4.19 × 10−4 | 1.69 × 10−3 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 4.32 × 10−3 | 6.29 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.20 × 10−4 | 2.28 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.20 × 10−4 | 1.41 × 10−3 | |
Sb | Children | 6.36 × 10−3 | 2.64 × 10−3 | 3.76 × 10−3 | 7.06 × 10−3 | 4.28 × 10−3 | 2.07 × 10−2 | 3.60 × 10−3 | 6.00 × 10−4 | 1.80 × 10−3 | 1.46 × 10−2 | 9.48 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−2 |
Adult | 1.67 × 10−3 | 6.91 × 10−4 | 9.85 × 10−4 | 1.85 × 10−3 | 1.12 × 10−3 | 5.42 × 10−3 | 9.43 × 10−4 | 1.57 × 10−4 | 4.71 × 10−4 | 3.83 × 10−3 | 2.48 × 10−3 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.99 × 10−3 | |
Ba | Children | 1.84 × 10−1 | 3.17 | 9.36 × 10−2 | 5.09 | 1.06 | 3.48 | 1.25 | 4.55 × 10−2 | 8.64 × 10−1 | 8.08 | 8.64 | 8.21 × 10−1 | 1.08 × 10−3 |
Adult | 4.83 × 10−2 | 8.29 × 10−1 | 2.45 × 10−2 | 1.33 | 2.76 × 10−1 | 9.11 × 10−1 | 3.27 × 10−1 | 1.19 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−1 | 2.12 | 2.26 | 2.15 × 10−1 | 2.83 × 10−4 | |
Hg | Children | 7.33 × 10−1 | 7.45 × 10−2 | 3.91 × 10−1 | 4.83 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−1 | 5.17 × 10−2 | 4.20 × 10−2 | 7.94 × 10−2 | 9.58 × 10−2 | 1.84 × 10−2 | 1.92 × 10−1 | 5.52 × 10−2 | 8.64 × 10−2 |
Adult | 1.92 × 10−1 | 1.95 × 10−2 | 1.02 × 10−1 | 1.27 × 10−2 | 5.71 × 10−2 | 1.35 × 10−2 | 1.10 × 10−2 | 2.08 × 10−2 | 2.51 × 10−2 | 4.81 × 10−3 | 5.03 × 10−2 | 1.45 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−2 | |
Pb | Children | 3.38 × 10−2 | 3.9 × 10−2 | 5.87 × 10−2 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−2 | 2.05 × 10−2 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 7.68 × 10−3 |
Adult | 8.86 × 10−3 | 1.02 × 10−2 | 1.54 × 10−2 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−3 | 5.37 × 10−3 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 2.01 × 10−3 |
Cr | Cd | As | Pb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults |
TSS | 2.49 × 10−1 | 5.59 × 10−3 | 4.26 × 10−2 | 9.56 × 10−4 | 1.22 | 2.71 × 10−2 | 8.22 × 10−5 | 5.84 × 10−8 |
TSW | 1.73 × 10−1 | 3.88 × 10−3 | 1.85 × 10−2 | 4.16 × 10−4 | 1.21 | 1.82 × 10−2 | 9.50 × 10−5 | 6.75 × 10−8 |
SGS | 2.10 × 10−1 | 4.70 × 10−3 | 1.01 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−4 | 8.12 × 10−1 | 2.66 × 10−2 | 1.43 × 10−4 | 1.01 × 10−7 |
SGW | 1.33 × 10−1 | 2.98 × 10−3 | 4.07 × 10−2 | 9.13 × 10−4 | 1.18 | 3.67 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
MPS | 2.11 × 10−1 | 4.75 × 10−3 | 5.80 × 10−3 | 1.30 × 10−4 | 1.63 | 2.82 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
MPW | 1.68 × 10−1 | 3.77 × 10−3 | 1.04 × 10−1 | 2.33 × 10−3 | 1.26 | 1.36 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
SAW | 1.80 × 10−3 | 4.04 × 10−5 | 1.51 × 10−2 | 3.39 × 10−4 | 6.06 × 10−1 | 1.39 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−5 | 1.86 × 10−8 |
SH1 | 2.08 × 10−1 | 4.67 × 10−3 | 6.80 × 10−3 | 1.53 × 10−4 | 6.19 × 10−1 | 4.10 × 10−2 | 4.98 × 10−5 | 3.54 × 10−8 |
SH2 | 2.22 × 10−1 | 4.97 × 10−3 | 5.29 × 10−3 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 1.83 | 2.59 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
BH1 | 1.40 × 10−1 | 3.14 × 10−3 | 5.49 × 10−1 | 1.23 × 10−2 | 1.15 | 1.74 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
BH2 | 1.30 × 10−1 | 2.91 × 10−3 | 6.80 × 10−3 | 1.53 × 10−4 | 7.76 × 10−1 | 4.11 × 10−2 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
SCC | 2.43 × 10−4 | 5.45 × 10−5 | 5.29 × 10−4 | 1.19 × 10−4 | 1.83 × 10-5 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 2.62 × 10−6 | 1.86 × 10−9 |
TTP | 1.81 × 10−4 | 4.05 × 10−5 | 3.40 × 10−5 | 7.64 × 10−4 | 7.80 × 10−4 | 3.35 × 10−4 | 1.87 × 10−5 | 1.32 × 10−8 |
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Durowoju, O.S.; Ekosse, G.-I.E.; Odiyo, J.O. Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124438
Durowoju OS, Ekosse G-IE, Odiyo JO. Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124438
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurowoju, Olatunde Samod, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse, and John Ogony Odiyo. 2020. "Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124438