Gender Differences in Postural Stability among 13-Year-Old Alpine Skiers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric and WAnT Results
3.2. Sway Control
3.2.1. Influence of Gender Factor on Body Sway
3.2.2. Influence of Effort on Body Sway
3.2.3. Effect of Condition on Body Sway
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Avg ± Std | Girls N = 10 | Boys N = 9 | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 13.50 ± 1.31 | 13.86 ± 1.00 | 13.05 ± 1.55 | 1.410 | 0.176 |
Body mass [kg] | 54.05 ± 6.78 | 53.42 ± 6.32 | 54.82 ± 7.61 | −0.450 | 0.658 |
Height [cm] | 163.45 ± 7.85 | 160.91 ± 6.20 | 166.56 ± 8.86 | −1.675 | 0.111 |
BMI [kg·m−2] | 20.19 ± 1.49 | 20.42 ± 1.23 | 19.68 ± 1.50 | 1.191 | 0.249 |
FM [kg] | 8.58 ± 4.25 | 11.83 ± 2.46 * | 4.60 ± 1.73 | 7.433 | 0.000 |
FFM [kg] | 45.42 ± 6.92 | 41.58 ± 3.87 * | 50.11 ± 7.07 | −3.432 | 0.003 |
PF [%] | 15.92 ± 7.35 | 21.94 ± 2.32 * | 8.57 ± 3.29 | 10.649 | 0.000 |
FMI | 3.26 ± 1.62 | 4.54 ± 0.76 * | 1.68 ± 0.69 | 8.710 | 0.000 |
FFMI | 16.91 ± 1.34 | 16.03 ± 0.73 * | 17.98 ± 1.01 | −4.687 | 0.000 |
Kolumna1 | Avg ± Std | Girls N = 10 | Boys N = 9 | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP [W] | 502.79 ± 84.35 | 477.09 ± 59.85 | 526.00 ± 103.51 | −1.312 | 0.206 |
RPP [W·kg−1] | 9.22 ± 1.01 | 8.89 ± 0.70 | 9.57 ± 1.22 | −1.509 | 0.149 |
Wtot [kJ] | 12.77 ± 2.11 | 12.15 ± 1.44 | 13.33 ± 2.78 | −1.229 | 0..235 |
RWtot [J·kg−1] | 234.21 ± 23.19 | 227.91 ± 14.98 | 243.22 ± 30.24 | −1.554 | 0.138 |
FI | 15.42 ± 5.45 | 14.64 ± 4.08 | 16.50 ± 7.09 | −0.726 | 0.447 |
TPpeak [s] | 6.61 ± 1.21 | 7.05 ± 1.31* | 6.01 ± 0.77 | 2.117 | 0.049 |
Tm [s] | 4.87 ± 1.77 | 4.80 ± 1.39 | 4.84 ± 2.36 | −0.055 | 0.957 |
Rest | Post | Rest | Post | G | B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | B | G | B | G vs. B | G vs. B | r/p | r/p | |||
Area/s [mm2] | EO | 319 (157) | 270 (173) | 436 (200) | 471 (173) | 0.011 | 0.028 | |||
EC | 464 (209) | 414 (189) | 575 (.36) | 596 (202) | 0.042 | |||||
SRV | 329 (131) | 319 (197) | 350 (185) | 314 (211) | ||||||
Way/s [mm] | EO | 247 (52) | 249 (059) | 306 (68) | 376 (56) | 0.054 ns | 0.009 | 0.001 | ||
EC | 335 (63) | 339 (132) | 377 (87) | 434 (109) | ||||||
SRV | 316 (54) | 349 (127) | 323 (66) | 373 (120) | ||||||
Mean velocity [mm/s] | EO | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.6) | 9.6 (2.2) | 11.1 (2.0) | 0.01 | 0.001 | |||
EC | 10.4 (1.8) | 11.6 (4.6) | 11.9 (2.6) | 13.6 (3.4) | ||||||
SRV | 9.91 (1.6) | 10.7 (4.0) | 10.2 (1.9) | 11.5 (3.7) | ||||||
Anterior-Posterior | Way/s [mm] | EO | 167 (44) | 156 (30) | 203 (43) | 238 (47) | 0.004 | 0.001 | ||
EC | 250 (57) | 227 (103) | 274 (50) | 290 (77) | ||||||
SRV | 218 (38) | 195 (68) | 222 (48) | 219 (87) | ||||||
Mean velocity [mm/s] | EO | 5.4 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.0) | 6.2 (1.3) | 7.1 (1.3) | 0.037 | 0.001 | |||
EC | 7.8 (1.8) | 6.6 (2.1) | 8.7 (1.6) | 9.1 (2.4) | 0.052 ns | 0.002 | ||||
SRV | 6.9 (1.0) | 6.1 (2.4) | 6.9 (1.5) | 6.8 (2.6) | ||||||
Range of sway [mm] | EO | 20.4 (7.5) | 21.7 (5.7) | 28.2 (5.4) | 33.4 (7.5) | 0.0004 | 0.004 | |||
EC | 31.5 (8.6) | 27.2 (8.9) | 34.0 (3.7) | 38.6 (4.4) | 0.048 | 0.005 | ||||
SRV | 30.7 (3.3) | 29.4 (6.2) | 31.8 (3.5) | 37.3 (5.3) | 0.038 | 0.013 | ||||
Medial-Lateral | Way/s [cm] | EO | 138 (31) | 171 (45) | 178 (48) | 251 (47) | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.004 | |
EC | 178 (47) | 252 (136) | 193 (48) | 277 (85) | 0.032 | |||||
SRV | 173 (48) | 255 (117) | 181 (51) | 279 (84) | 0.047 | 0.018 | ||||
Mean velocity [mm/s] | EO | 4.5 (0.8) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.4 (1.7) | 7.1 (2.1) | 0.011 | 0.023 | 0.003 | ||
EC | 5.7 (1.5) | 7.9 (4.0) | 6.3 (1.9) | 8.6 (2.6) | 0.059 ns | |||||
SRV | 5.5 (1.4) | 8.0 (3.6) | 5.9 (1.5) | 8.8 (2.5) | 0.048 | 0.017 | ||||
Range of sway [mm] | EO | 22.1 (7.7) | 22.9 (8.1) | 29.1 (6.9) | 32.6 (7.2) | 0.0004 | 0.003 | |||
EC | 30.7 (7.6) | 28.9 (9.6) | 30.1 (6.4) | 38.4 (6.8) | 0.031 | 0.018 | ||||
SRV | 28.4 (5.5) | 34.7 (10.1) | 28.6 (5.4) | 37.8 (5.5) | 0.086 ns | 0.008 |
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Jastrzębska, A.D. Gender Differences in Postural Stability among 13-Year-Old Alpine Skiers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113859
Jastrzębska AD. Gender Differences in Postural Stability among 13-Year-Old Alpine Skiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113859
Chicago/Turabian StyleJastrzębska, Agnieszka D. 2020. "Gender Differences in Postural Stability among 13-Year-Old Alpine Skiers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113859