Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
2.2. Measures and Instrument
2.2.1. Primary Outcomes
2.2.2. Other Covariates
- 1)
- People in this area are willing to help each other (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 2)
- People around living place are willing to help neighbors (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 3)
- People live in harmony (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 4)
- People around can be trusted and reliable (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 5)
- People share the same value and life concept (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 6)
- This area has a tremendous amount of trash (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
- 7)
- This area has society’s vices (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
- 8)
- This area has many fights and quarrels (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Total | 137 | 48.9 | 143 | 51.1 | 280 | 100 | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 28 | 20.6 | 20 | 14.0 | 48 | 17.2 | 0.14 a |
Female | 108 | 79.4 | 123 | 86.0 | 231 | 82.8 | |
Education | |||||||
Under High school | 14 | 10.2 | 9 | 6.4 | 23 | 8.3 | 0.47 a |
High school | 81 | 59.1 | 90 | 63.8 | 171 | 61.5 | |
Above High school | 42 | 30.7 | 42 | 29.8 | 84 | 30.2 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 5 | 3.7 | 7 | 4.9 | 12 | 4.3 | 0.61 a |
Having spouse/partner | 132 | 96.4 | 136 | 95.1 | 268 | 95.7 | |
Currently living with | |||||||
Parents | 75 | 55.2 | 56 | 39.4 | 131 | 47.1 | <0.01 a |
Spouse | 110 | 80.9 | 115 | 81.0 | 225 | 80.9 | 0.98 a |
Children | 87 | 64.0 | 81 | 57.0 | 168 | 60.4 | 0.24 a |
Brothers/sisters | 10 | 7.4 | 11 | 7.8 | 21 | 7.6 | 0.90 a |
Other | 1 | 0.74 | 10 | 7.0 | 11 | 3.96 | <0.01 a |
Current smoking | 8 | 6.7 | 11 | 8.3 | 19 | 7.5 | 0.63 a |
Hazardous drinking | 21 | 16.0 | 17 | 12.3 | 38 | 14.1 | 0.12 a |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 32.8 | 4.8 | 31.0 | 4.0 | 31.9 | 4.5 | <0.01 b |
Individual Monthly Income (USD) | 278.0 | 115.0 | 267.2 | 75.6 | 272.4 | 96.7 | 0.45 b |
Distance from homeland to the factory (km) | 86.3 | 95.6 | |||||
Duration of migration (years) | 2.1 | 3.0 |
Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Time for working with one posture | |||||||
Less than 30 min | 35 | 29.9 | 49 | 37.4 | 84 | 33.9 | 0.43 a |
30–60 min | 18 | 15.4 | 20 | 15.3 | 38 | 15.3 | |
More than 60 min | 64 | 54.7 | 62 | 47.3 | 126 | 50.8 | |
Hazardous occupational exposures | |||||||
Noise | 92 | 71.9 | 118 | 83.1 | 210 | 77.8 | 0.03 a |
Dust | 72 | 56.3 | 65 | 45.8 | 137 | 50.7 | 0.09 a |
High temperature | 81 | 63.3 | 77 | 54.2 | 158 | 58.5 | 0.13 a |
Toxic gas | 48 | 37.5 | 54 | 38.0 | 102 | 37.8 | 0.93 a |
Poor lighting | 11 | 8.6 | 13 | 9.2 | 24 | 8.9 | 0.87 a |
High humidity | 15 | 11.7 | 10 | 7.0 | 25 | 9.3 | 0.19 a |
Toxic chemicals | 50 | 39.1 | 48 | 33.8 | 98 | 36.3 | 0.37 a |
Accident prone working environmental | 20 | 15.6 | 20 | 14.1 | 40 | 14.8 | 0.72 a |
Social support and community cohesion | |||||||
People in this area are willing to help each other | 72 | 56.3 | 77 | 58.3 | 149 | 57.3 | 0.73 a |
People around living place are willing to help neighbors | 72 | 56.3 | 72 | 54.6 | 144 | 55.4 | 0.78 a |
People live in harmony | 74 | 57.8 | 73 | 55.3 | 147 | 56.5 | 0.68 a |
People around can be trusted and reliable | 59 | 46.1 | 56 | 42.4 | 115 | 44.2 | 0.55 a |
People share the same value, life concept | 16 | 12.5 | 24 | 18.2 | 40 | 15.4 | 0.20 a |
This area has a tremendous amount of trash | 30 | 23.4 | 17 | 12.9 | 47 | 18.1 | 0.03 a |
This area has society’s vices | 17 | 13.3 | 9 | 6.8 | 26 | 10.0 | 0.08 a |
This area has many fights and quarrels | 7 | 5.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 8 | 3.1 | 0.03 a |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Years of working | 10.3 | 3.4 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 0.01 b |
Working hours per day | 8.2 | 0.7 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 0.91 b |
Number of hazardous occupational exposures | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.91 b |
Social support score | 4.5 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 0.71 b |
Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
EQ5D5L | |||||||
Having problems in mobility | 34 | 26.8 | 52 | 37.4 | 86 | 32.3 | 0.06 a |
Having problems in self-care | 2 | 1.6 | 7 | 5.1 | 9 | 3.4 | 0.18 a |
Having problems with usual activity | 30 | 23.6 | 51 | 37.0 | 81 | 30.6 | 0.02 a |
Pain/Discomfort | 66 | 52.4 | 92 | 69.2 | 158 | 61.0 | 0.01 a |
Anxiety/Depression | 64 | 52.0 | 94 | 70.7 | 158 | 61.7 | <0.01 a |
Number of health problems | |||||||
0 | 39 | 28.5 | 22 | 15.4 | 61 | 21.8 | 0.045 a |
1 | 36 | 26.3 | 44 | 30.8 | 80 | 28.6 | |
2 | 26 | 19.0 | 39 | 27.3 | 65 | 23.2 | |
>2 | 36 | 26.3 | 38 | 26.6 | 74 | 26.4 | |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
EQ-5D Index | 0.78 | 0.23 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.74 | 0.21 | <0.01 b |
Number of health problems | 1.81 | 1.66 | 2.00 | 1.60 | 1.91 | 1.63 | 0.16 b |
Characteristic | EQ5D5L Index | Number of Health Problems | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |
Migrant (Yes versus No) | −0.08 *** | −0.12; −0.03 | 0.20 ** | 0.001; 0.41 |
Gender (Female versus Male) | 0.12 ** | 0.01; 0.23 | 0.08 | −0.31; 0.48 |
Education (versus Under High school) | ||||
High school | −0.04 | −0.11; 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.20; 0.74 |
Above High school | −0.07 * | −0.14; 0.01 | 0.32 | −0.18; 0.81 |
Marital status (Having spouse/partner vs. Single) | 0.04 | −0.06; 0.14 | 0.37 * | −0.04; 0.78 |
Age | 0.00 | −0.01; 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04; 0.03 |
Years of working | −0.00 | −0.01; 0.001 | 0.02 | −0.01; 0.05 |
Working hours per day | −0.02 | −0.05; 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.10; 0.12 |
Number of hazardous occupational exposures | −0.02 ** | −0.03; −0.001 | 0.14 *** | 0.09; 0.19 |
Time fixed a posture when working (Less than 30 min) | ||||
30–60 min | −0.02 | −0.09; 0.05 | 0.23 | −0.10; 0.55 |
More than 60 min | −0.02 | −0.07; 0.03 | 0.39 *** | 0.15; 0.62 |
Number of health problems | −0.04 *** | −0.05; −0.02 | ||
Social support (point) | 0.00 | −0.01; 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.08; 0.02 |
Hazardous drinking (Yes versus No) | 0.07 | −0.02; 0.17 | −0.49 * | −1.03; 0.05 |
Current smoking (Yes versus No) | 0.08 | −0.04; 0.20 | 0.22 | −0.21; 0.64 |
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Share and Cite
Pham, K.T.H.; Nguyen, L.H.; Vuong, Q.-H.; Ho, M.-T.; Vuong, T.-T.; Nguyen, H.-K.T.; Vu, G.T.; Nguyen, H.L.T.; Tran, B.X.; Latkin, C.A.; et al. Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502
Pham KTH, Nguyen LH, Vuong Q-H, Ho M-T, Vuong T-T, Nguyen H-KT, Vu GT, Nguyen HLT, Tran BX, Latkin CA, et al. Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502
Chicago/Turabian StylePham, Kiet Tuan Huy, Long Hoang Nguyen, Quan-Hoang Vuong, Manh-Tung Ho, Thu-Trang Vuong, Hong-Kong T. Nguyen, Giang Thu Vu, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Bach Xuan Tran, Carl A. Latkin, and et al. 2019. "Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502
APA StylePham, K. T. H., Nguyen, L. H., Vuong, Q.-H., Ho, M.-T., Vuong, T.-T., Nguyen, H.-K. T., Vu, G. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2019). Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502