Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Energy
4.2. Macronutrients
4.3. Micronutrients
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Ekstraleague (mean ± SD min–max median) | I League (mean ± SD min–max median) | II League (mean ± SD min–max median) | Overall (mean ± SD min–max median) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24 ± 5 15–31 25 | 19 ± 4 13–27 19 | 20 ± 3 17–25 19 | 21 ± 5 13–31 20 |
Height (cm) | 168.1 ± 6.2 156–180 167.5 | 167.1 ± 4.3 160–176 167 | 167.5 ± 4.6 162–175 167 | 167.5 ± 5 156–180 167 |
Body mass * (kg) | 62.19 ± 6.62 54.1–77.2 59.3 | 64 ± 12.67 49.1–94 59.2 | 60.47 ± 8.45 49.3–77.2 58.5 | 62.53 ± 9.8 49.1–94 59.2 |
BMI * (kg/m2) | 21.99 ± 1.83 19.62–25.29 21.86 | 22.81 ± 3.66 19.62–25.29 21.8 | 21.52 ± 2.56 18.03–25.21 21.34 | 22.22 ± 2.86 17.61–31.16 21.53 |
Component | Intake (min–max) | Intake (median/mean ± SD) | Demand (median/mean ± SD) | Percentage of People Scoring Below Required Norms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 822–2606 | 1476 ± 434 | 2811 ± 493 * | 95.1% |
Carbohydrates (g) | 79.2–359 | 199 ± 20.6 | 296–414 a | 92.7% |
Fats (g) | 9.3–95.6 | 47.3 ± 20.7 | 49.2 ± 14.5 b | 61% |
Proteins (g) | 10.6–135 | 72.3 ± 24.2 | 82.9–100.6 c | 73.2% |
Fiber (g) | 5.1–52.9 | 14.4 | 20–40 d | 78% |
Component | Intake (mean ± SD) | Intake (min–max) | Demand | Percentage of People Scoring Below the Required Norms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/kg body mass/day) | 24.34 ± 8.9 | 10.65–53.07 | 47–60 a | 97.6% |
Carbohydrates (g/kg body mass/day) | 3.28 ± 1.2 | 1.39–7.09 | 5–7 b | 92.7% |
Proteins (g/kg body mass/day) | 1.18 ± 0.44 | 0.21–2.16 | 1.4–1.7 c | 73.2% |
Fats (g/kg body mass/day) | 0.78 ± 0.39 | 0.19–1.95 | - d | - d |
Component | Intake (min–max) | Intake (median/mean ± SD) | Demand (EAR or AI) | Prevalence of Inadequate Intake |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sodium (mg) | 696–6246 | 2583 ± 1077 | 1500 | 12.2% |
Potassium (mg) | 960–4497 | 2584 ± 878 | 3500 | 80.5% |
Calcium (mg) | 146–1440 | 646 ± 290 | 800/1100 * | 82.9% |
Phosphorus (mg) | 255–1964 | 1165 ± 357 | 580/1050 * | 17.1% |
Magnesium (mg) | 66.7–616 | 243.9 | 255/300 * | 58.5% |
Iron (mg) | 2.18–23.7 | 8.8 | 8 | - |
Zinc (mg) | 1.33–14.8 | 8.44 ± 2.77 | 6.8/7.3 * | 26.9% |
Copper (mg) | 0.28–2.14 | 0.96 ± 0.39 | 0.7 | 24.4% |
Iodine (μg) | 6.53–236 | 86.37 | 95 | 53.6% |
Vit. A (μg) | 58.4–3239 | 651.8 | 490/500 * | 34.1% |
Vit. E (mg) | 2.77–16.5 | 6.4 | 8 ** | - ** |
Vit. D (μg) | 0.18–11.5 | 1.69 | 15 ** | - ** |
Vit. C (mg) | 14.4–371 | 73.56 | 55/60 * | 41.5% |
Vit. B1 (mg) | 0.33–3 | 0.86 | 0.9 | 56.1% |
Vit. B2 (mg) | 0.3–2.86 | 1.49 ± 0.55 | 0.9 | 12.2% |
Vit. PP (mg) | 2.3–39.9 | 17.2 ± 8.14 | 11 | 24.4% |
Vit. B6 (mg) | 0.6–3.25 | 1.7 ± 0.65 | 1/1.1 * | 19.5% |
Vit. B12 (μg) | 0.33–6.13 | 2.9 ± 1.38 | 2 | 29.3% |
Folate (μg) | 58.9–462 | 224 ± 95.8 | 320/330 * | 85.4% |
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Dobrowolski, H.; Włodarek, D. Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071134
Dobrowolski H, Włodarek D. Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071134
Chicago/Turabian StyleDobrowolski, Hubert, and Dariusz Włodarek. 2019. "Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071134