Parental Type D Personality and Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Interactive Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Hyperactive Behaviors
2.2.2. Type D Personality
2.2.3. Parent–Child Interactive Activities
2.2.4. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Associations between Parental TDP and Parent–Child Interactive Activities
3.3. Associations between Parent–Child Interactive Activities and Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors
3.4. Association of Parental TDP with Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors and Mediating Role of Parent–Child Interactive Activities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Hyperactive Behaviors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | pa | ||
Child Age, mean (SD) | 3.45 (0.39) | 3.46 (0.39) | 3.40 (0.38) | <0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.013 | |||
Boy | 25,823 (54.2) | 22,409 (86.8) | 3414 (13.2) | |
Girl | 21,825 (45.8) | 18,769 (86.0) | 3056 (14.0) | |
Migrant Status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
No | 19,032 (39.9) | 16,676 (87.6) | 2356 (12.4) | |
Yes | 28,616 (60.1) | 24,502 (85.6) | 4114 (14.4) | |
Marital Status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Married | 46,186 (96.9) | 39,961 (86.5) | 6225 (13.5) | |
Single | 1462 (3.1) | 1217 (83.2) | 245 (16.8) | |
Maternal Age, mean (SD) | 31.09 (4.05) | 31.25 (4.06) | 30.12 (3.87) | <0.001 |
Maternal Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
≤12th Grade | 7788 (16.4) | 6558 (84.2) | 1230 (15.8) | |
≤High School | 13,358 (28.0) | 11,429 (85.6) | 1929 (14.4) | |
≥Undergraduate | 26,502 (55.6) | 23,191 (87.5) | 3311 (12.5) | |
Paternal Age, mean (SD) | 33.42 (4.71) | 33.57 (4.72) | 32.45 (4.49) | <0.001 |
Paternal Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
≤12th Grade | 6174 (13.0) | 5125 (83.0) | 1049 (17.0) | |
≤High School | 11,458 (24.0) | 9867 (86.1) | 1591 (13.9) | |
≥Undergraduate | 30,016 (63.0) | 26,186 (87.2) | 3830 (12.8) |
Variables | Parent–Child Interactive Index at 0–1 Year, β (95% CI) | Parent–Child Interactive Index at 1–3 Years, β (95% CI) | Hyperactive Behaviors | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous, β (95% CI) | Dichotomous, OR (95% CI) | |||
Maternal TDP | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | −0.228 (−0.250, −0.206) *** | −0.227 (−0.245, −0.208) *** | 0.111 (0.104, 0.118) *** | 2.288 (2.136, 2.450) *** |
Paternal TDP | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | −0.192 (−0.216, −0.168) *** | −0.184 (−0.204, −0.163) *** | 0.097 (0.090, 0.105) *** | 2.081 (1.929, 2.245) *** |
Combined parental TDP | ||||
Non-TDP mother and non-TDP father | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
TDP mother and non-TDP father | −0.193 (−0.220, −0.165) *** | −0.217 (−0.241, −0.193) *** | 0.117 (0.108, 0.126) *** | 2.245 (2.056, 2.451) *** |
Non-TDP mother and TDP father | −0.116 (−0.149, −0.083) *** | −0.140 (−0.169, −0.111) *** | 0.098 (0.087, 0.108) *** | 1.918 (1.718, 2.141) *** |
TDP mother and TDP father | −0.292 (−0.325, −0.260) *** | −0.258 (−0.285, −0.230) *** | 0.114 (0.104, 0.124) *** | 2.593 (2.348, 2.863) *** |
Parent–child index at 0–1 year | −0.009 (−0.012, −0.006) *** | 0.885 (0.857, 0.915) *** | ||
Parent–child index at 1–3 years | −0.037 (−0.041, −0.034) *** | 0.746 (0.718, 0.775) *** |
Characteristics | Hyperactive Behaviors (Dependent Variable, Y, β/OR, 95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 X→Y | Model 2 X + M→Y | Proportion of Mediation | |
Y taken as a continuous variable | |||
Maternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 0.111 (0.104, 0.118) *** | 0.110 (0.103, 0.117) *** | 1.0% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | −0.005 (−0.008, −0.002) ** | ||
Paternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 0.097 (0.090, 0.105) *** | 0.096 (0.088, 0.103) *** | 1.2% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | −0.006 (−0.009, −0.004) *** | ||
Combined parental TDP (Independent Variable, X) | |||
TDP mother and non-TDP father (D1) | 0.117 (0.108, 0.126) *** | 0.116 (0.108, 0.125) *** | 0.7% |
Non-TDP mother and TDP father (D2) | 0.098 (0.087, 0.108) *** | 0.097 (0.087, 0.108) *** | 0.5% |
TDP mother and TDP father (D3) | 0.114 (0.104, 0.124) *** | 0.113 (0.103, 0.123) *** | 1.0% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | −0.004 (−0.008, −0.001) ** | ||
Maternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 0.111 (0.104, 0.118) *** | 0.104 (0.097, 0.110) *** | 5.3% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | −0.032 (−0.035, −0.029) *** | ||
Paternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 0.097 (0.090, 0.105) *** | 0.091 (0.083, 0.098) *** | 6.4% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | −0.034(−0.037, −0.031) *** | ||
Combined parental TDP (Independent Variable, X) | |||
TDP mother and non-TDP father (D1) | 0.117 (0.108, 0.126) *** | 0.111 (0.102, 0.119) *** | 5.7% |
Non-TDP mother and father TDP (D2) | 0.098 (0.087, 0.108) *** | 0.093 (0.083, 0.104) *** | 4.5% |
TDP mother and TDP father (D3) | 0.114 (0.104, 0.124) *** | 0.106 (0.096, 0.116) *** | 7.0% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | −0.031 (−0.034, −0.027) *** | ||
Y taken as a dichotomous variable | |||
Maternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 2.288 (2.136, 2.450) *** | 2.245 (2.095, 2.405) *** | 3.4% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | 0.919 (0.889, 0.950) *** | ||
Paternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 2.081 (1.929, 2.245) *** | 2.043 (1.893, 2.204) *** | 3.6% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | 0.905 (0.876, 0.936) *** | ||
Combined parental TDP (Independent Variable, X) | |||
TDP mother and non-TDP father (D1) | 2.245 (2.056, 2.451) *** | 2.212 (2.026, 2.416) *** | 2.7% |
Non-TDP mother and TDP father (D2) | 1.918 (1.718, 2.141) *** | 1.901 (1.703, 2.123) *** | 1.9% |
TDP mother and TDP father (D3) | 2.593 (2.348, 2.863) *** | 2.535 (2.295, 2.801) *** | 3.7% |
Interactive Index at 0–1 year (Mediator, M) | 0.925 (0.894, 0.956) *** | ||
Maternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 2.288 (2.136, 2.450) *** | 2.168 (2.023, 2.324) *** | 9.7% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | 0.781 (0.751, 0.812) *** | ||
Paternal TDP (Independent Variable, X) | 2.081 (1.929, 2.245) *** | 1.987 (1.841, 2.145) *** | 9.2% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | 0.766 (0.737, 0.796) *** | ||
Combined parental TDP (Independent Variable, X) | |||
TDP mother and non-TDP father (D1) | 2.245 (2.056, 2.451) *** | 2.137 (1.956, 2.334) *** | 9.1% |
Non-TDP mother and TDP father (D2) | 1.918 (1.718, 2.141) *** | 1.859 (1.665, 2.077) *** | 6.9% |
TDP mother and TDP father (D3) | 2.593 (2.348, 2.863) *** | 2.445 (2.212, 2.702) *** | 9.7% |
Interactive Index at 1–3 years (Mediator, M) | 0.788 (0.758, 0.819) *** |
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He, G.-H.; Liu, L.; Strodl, E.; Ruan, Z.-L.; Jiang, H.; Jing, J.; Jin, Y.; Chen, W.-Q. Parental Type D Personality and Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Interactive Activities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071116
He G-H, Liu L, Strodl E, Ruan Z-L, Jiang H, Jing J, Jin Y, Chen W-Q. Parental Type D Personality and Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Interactive Activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071116
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Guan-Hao, Li Liu, Esben Strodl, Zeng-Liang Ruan, Hui Jiang, Jin Jing, Yu Jin, and Wei-Qing Chen. 2019. "Parental Type D Personality and Children’s Hyperactive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Interactive Activities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071116