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Volume 16
Issue 6
10.3390/ijerph16061064
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The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity

by
Alana M. W. LeBrón
1,2,*,
Ivy R. Torres
1,
Enrique Valencia
3,
Miriam López Dominguez
4,
Deyaneira Guadalupe Garcia-Sanchez
4,
Michael D. Logue
1 and
Jun Wu
1,5
1
Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
2
Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
3
Orange County Environmental Justice, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
4
Jovenes Cultivando Cambios, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
5
Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(6), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061064
Received: 21 February 2019 / Revised: 18 March 2019 / Accepted: 20 March 2019 / Published: 24 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Disparities in Urban Areas)
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Abstract

Although lead has been removed from paint and gasoline sold in the U.S., lead exposures persist, with communities of color and residents in urban and low-income areas at greatest risk for exposure. The persistence of and inequities in lead exposures raise questions about the scope and implementation of policies that address lead as a public health concern. To understand the multi-level nature of lead policies, this paper and case study reviews lead policies at the national level, for the state of California, and for Santa Ana, CA, a dense urban city in Southern California. Through a community-academic partnership process, this analysis examines lead exposure pathways represented, the level of intervention (e.g., prevention, remediation), and whether policies address health inequities. Results indicate that most national and state policies focus on establishing hazardous lead exposure levels in settings and consumer products, disclosing lead hazards, and remediating lead paint. Several policies focus on mitigating exposures rather than primary prevention. The persistence of lead exposures indicates the need to identify sustainable solutions to prevent lead exposures in the first place. We close with recommendations to reduce lead exposures across the life course, consider multiple lead exposure pathways, and reduce and eliminate health inequities related to lead. View Full-Text
Keywords: lead; lead prevention policies; lead paint; soil lead; lead in water; health disparities; health inequities; environmental justice; environmental racism lead; lead prevention policies; lead paint; soil lead; lead in water; health disparities; health inequities; environmental justice; environmental racism
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
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MDPI and ACS Style

LeBrón, A.M.W.; Torres, I.R.; Valencia, E.; Dominguez, M.L.; Garcia-Sanchez, D.G.; Logue, M.D.; Wu, J. The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061064

AMA Style

LeBrón AMW, Torres IR, Valencia E, Dominguez ML, Garcia-Sanchez DG, Logue MD, Wu J. The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(6):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061064

Chicago/Turabian Style

LeBrón, Alana M.W., Ivy R. Torres, Enrique Valencia, Miriam L. Dominguez, Deyaneira G. Garcia-Sanchez, Michael D. Logue, and Jun Wu. 2019. "The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6: 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061064

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