Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. A Regional Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Plan
2.2. Spatial Temporal Assessment for WQIs
2.3. Quality Control and Data Management
3. Results
3.1. Basic Information Regarding 128 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Points
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of WQIs
3.3. Interpolation Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sources | Public Water Supplies | Decentralized Water Supplies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated * | Partially Treated ** | Untreated *** | Hand Pump | Dug Well | ||
Surface water: | river | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 1 |
reservoir | 21 | 5 | - | 0 | 0 | |
Groundwater: | well | - | 22 | 54 | 1 | 21 |
spring | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Parameter | Method | Parameter | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Color | Eye-measurement colorimetry of platinum-cobalt color-code | Chloride | Silver nitrate volumetric method |
Turbidity | Scattering method (Formazine standard) | Total dissolved solids | Weighing method |
Odor | Smell method | Chemical oxygen demand (COD) | Acidic Potassium Permanganate Titration |
pH | Glass electrode method | Fluoride | Ion-selective electrode method |
Total hardness | EDTA titration method | Arsenic | hydride atomic fluorescence method |
Iron | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | Nitrate | Ultraviolet spectrophotometry |
Manganese | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | Total coliform bacteria (TC) | Plate counting method |
Sulfate | Combustion-barium sulfate turbidimetry | Thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) | Multi-tube Fermentation Method |
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Year | Sources | Water Supply Types | Seasons | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groundwater | Surface Water | Centralized | Decentralized | Dry | Wet | |
2007 | 182 | 74 | 182 | 74 | 128 | 128 |
2008 | 208 | 48 | 196 | 60 | 128 | 128 |
2009 | 204 | 52 | 206 | 50 | 128 | 128 |
2010 | 202 | 54 | 208 | 48 | 128 | 128 |
2011 | 202 | 54 | 208 | 48 | 128 | 128 |
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Li, H.; Smith, C.D.; Wang, L.; Li, Z.; Xiong, C.; Zhang, R. Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030357
Li H, Smith CD, Wang L, Li Z, Xiong C, Zhang R. Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(3):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030357
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Hongxing, Charlotte D. Smith, Li Wang, Zheng Li, Chuanlong Xiong, and Rong Zhang. 2019. "Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030357