Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Diet
3.2. HFI and Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Strengths and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Women [n = 83] | Men [n = 63] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
X ± DS | Range | X ± DS | Range | |
Age (years) | 41.9 ± 12.5 | 18–68 | 44.7 ± 11.9 | 24–68 |
Time of residency (years) | 20.9 ± 11.8 | 4–61 | 19.7 ± 11.9 | 4–53 |
Weight (kg) | 71.8 ± 17.5 | 41.5–127.8 | 70.9 ± 10.9 | 52.6–99.1 |
Height (m) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3–1.7 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5–1.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 7.2 | 18.8–55.7 | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 18.5–38.4 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 97.4 ± 15.7 | 67.6–150.0 | 92.4 ± 9.9 | 69.1–110.9 |
Food Group | Food Group Contribution to Total Energy (%) | Main Foods |
---|---|---|
Cereals and tubers | 40.6 | Corn and flour tortilla |
Animal products | 22.1 | Boiled chicken and fried eggs |
Sugar, sugared drinks | 9.2 | Soda pop, sugar |
Oils and fats | 5.9 | Vegetable oil, “chorizo”/Mexican sausage |
Legumes | 1.7 | Beans |
Ultra processed foods/sugar and fat added | 5.9 | Fried corn tortilla, sweet bread, ham pizza |
Fruit | 2.6 | Tamarind, mangoes, watermelon, oranges |
Vegetables | 1.7 | Tomatoes, onions |
Milk and yogurt | 1.0 | Whole milk, fruit yogurt |
Alcoholic beverages | 0.6 | Beer |
Non-energy foods | 1.3 | Broth |
Variable | Food Security n = 19 | Mild HFI n = 9 | Moderate HFI n = 54 | Severe HFI n = 64 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | ||
Pre-obesity (n = 53) | Reference | 0.986 | 0.989 | 0.142–6.86 | 0.697 | 0.698 | 0.112–4.33 | 0.526 | 0.271 | 0.168–1.65 |
Obesity (n = 56) | Reference | 5.180 | 0.015 | 1.37–19.58 | 0.275 | 0.283 | 0.026–2.90 | 1.002 | 0.996 | 0.384–2.61 |
Pre-obesity + obesity (n = 108) | Reference | 3.081 | 0.183 | 0.588–16.14 | 0.453 | 0.383 | 0.076–2.68 | 0.623 | 0.356 | 0.228–1.70 |
Variable | FS (n = 8) | FI (n = 75) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | 95% CI | ||
Female | ||||
Pre-obesity (n = 25) | Reference | 1.292 | 0.863 | 0.071–23.65 |
Obesity (n = 43) | Reference | 0.286 | 0.177 | 0.046–1.762 |
Pre-obesity + obesity (n = 68) | Reference | 0.598 | 0.543 | 0.056–5.234 |
Male | ||||
Pre-obesity (n = 28) | Reference | 0.814 | 0.880 | 0.056–11.81 |
Obesity (n = 13) | Reference | 0.089 | 0.011 | 0.014–0.0575 |
Pre-obesity + obesity (n = 41) | Reference | 0.180 | 0.131 | 0.019–1.671 |
Variable | Coefficient | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 74) | |||
Constant | 18.867 | 0.003 | 6.649–31.085 |
Age | 0.132 | 0.115 | −0.033–0.296 |
Mild HFI | −3.835 | 0.360 | −12.141–4.470 |
Moderate HFI | −0.708 | 0.805 | −6.403–4.986 |
Severe HFI | −0.370 | 0.895 | −5.937–5.198 |
Moderate PAL | 6.840 | 0.127 | −1.985–15.664 |
Intense PAL | 4.388 | 0.331 | −4.559–13.335 |
Time of residency | 0.088 | 0.289 | −0.076–0.251 |
Male (n = 51) | |||
Constant | 37.661 | 0.000 | 27.877–47.445 |
Age | −0.007 | 0.904 | −0.128–0.113 |
Mild HFI | −3.995 | 0.202 | −10.210–2.221 |
Moderate HFI | −4.597 | 0.010 | −8.019–(−1.175) |
Severe HFI | −3.260 | 0.037 | −6.313–(−0.207) |
Moderate PAL | −5.702 | 0.188 | −14.292–2.888 |
Intense PAL | −8.145 | 0.050 | −16.291–0.002 |
Time of residency | −0.010 | 0.854 | −0.120–0.099 |
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Castañeda, J.; Caire-Juvera, G.; Sandoval, S.; Castañeda, P.A.; Contreras, A.D.; Portillo, G.E.; Ortega-Vélez, M.I. Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214171
Castañeda J, Caire-Juvera G, Sandoval S, Castañeda PA, Contreras AD, Portillo GE, Ortega-Vélez MI. Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214171
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastañeda, José, Graciela Caire-Juvera, Sergio Sandoval, Pedro Alejandro Castañeda, Alma Delia Contreras, Gloria Elena Portillo, and María Isabel Ortega-Vélez. 2019. "Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214171
APA StyleCastañeda, J., Caire-Juvera, G., Sandoval, S., Castañeda, P. A., Contreras, A. D., Portillo, G. E., & Ortega-Vélez, M. I. (2019). Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214171