Risk Factors for Depression in Empty Nesters: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Coastal City of Zhejiang Province and China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment of Depression
2.3. Investigation of Related Factors
2.3.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.3.2. Underlying Diseases
2.3.3. Behaviors and Lifestyles
2.3.4. Negative Life Experiences
2.3.5. Social Support Evaluation
2.3.6. Self-Care Ability Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Depressive Symptoms | Rao–Scott Chi-square | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | Weighted % | 95% CI of Weighted % | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 157 | 48.2 | 41.2 | 33.0–49.9 | 14.501 | 0.007 |
Female | 263 | 54.0 | 50.0 | 41.8–58.2 | ||
Age Group (years) | ||||||
60–69 | 140 | 49.5 | 48.7 | 39.5–57.9 | 1.366 | 0.288 |
70–79 | 183 | 54.3 | 47.0 | 37.0–57.1 | ||
≥80 | 97 | 50.3 | 42.8 | 36.4–49.4 | ||
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) | ||||||
Normal 18.5–24.9 | 187 | 48.1 | 42.1 | 32.8–52.1 | 12.876 | 0.003 |
Lean <18.5 | 19 | 44.2 | 37.6 | 34.5–40.8 | ||
Overweight/obese ≥ 25.0 | 203 | 55.8 | 53.0 | 46.1–59.9 | ||
Educational Level | ||||||
Illiterate | 261 | 54.6 | 48.6 | 40.2–57.0 | 3.963 | 0.064 |
Primary | 133 | 48.5 | 45.5 | 35.2–56.1 | ||
Secondary and higher | 26 | 42.6 | 35.8 | 28.1–44.3 | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Cultivation | 120 | 45.6 | 37.0 | 31.2–43.3 | 17.099 | 0.003 |
Housework | 239 | 61.3 | 56.8 | 45.6–67.2 | ||
Other | 61 | 38.1 | 34.5 | 23.6–47.2 | ||
Marital Status | ||||||
Married | 259 | 48.9 | 44.7 | 38.1–51.4 | 3.486 | 0.069 |
Widow/Divorced | 148 | 57.1 | 50.3 | 39.0–61.5 | ||
Other | 13 | 54.2 | 49.3 | 35.3–63.4 | ||
Religious Belief | ||||||
Yes | 365 | 54.0 | 49.7 | 40.9–58.5 | 10.987 | 0.013 |
No | 55 | 40.1 | 29.0 | 17.3–44.4 | ||
Hypertension | ||||||
Yes | 186 | 52.5 | 47.1 | 38.4–56.0 | 0.390 | 0.552 |
No | 234 | 51.0 | 46.1 | 38.4–54.0 | ||
Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
Yes | 62 | 58.5 | 54.3 | 43.8–64.5 | 5.517 | 0.051 |
No | 358 | 50.6 | 45.5 | 37.5–53.7 | ||
Dyslipidemia | ||||||
Yes | 41 | 64.1 | 62.0 | 50.2–72.5 | 31.993 | 0.001 |
No | 379 | 50.6 | 45.2 | 37.6–53.0 | ||
Coronary Heart Disease | ||||||
Yes | 38 | 58.5 | 53.3 | 34.6–71.1 | 1.640 | 0.241 |
No | 382 | 51.1 | 46.0 | 38.7–53.4 | ||
Stroke | ||||||
Yes | 24 | 63.2 | 59.5 | 36.5–79.1 | 2.885 | 0.133 |
No | 396 | 51.1 | 45.9 | 38.4–53.5 | ||
Chronic Respiratory Disease | ||||||
Yes | 27 | 56.3 | 54.1 | 50.3–57.8 | 11.553 | 0.011 |
No | 393 | 51.4 | 45.9 | 37.8–54.2 | ||
Cancer | ||||||
Yes | 8 | 66.7 | 84.5 | 55.0–96.1 | 10.392 | 0.015 |
No | 412 | 51.4 | 46.0 | 38.1–54.2 | ||
Chronic Pain | ||||||
Yes | 126 | 61.8 | 56.3 | 41.1–70.4 | 5.249 | 0.056 |
No | 294 | 48.3 | 42.7 | 35.8–49.8 | ||
Discomfort | ||||||
Yes | 67 | 53.2 | 46.3 | 30.8–62.6 | 0.002 | 0.966 |
No | 353 | 51.4 | 46.6 | 39.4–53.9 | ||
Smoking Status | ||||||
Never | 337 | 51.5 | 46.7 | 39.4–54.2 | 6.437 | 0.017 |
Current | 55 | 48.7 | 39.4 | 27.0–53.2 | ||
Former | 28 | 62.2 | 59.0 | 48.6–68.7 | ||
Drinking Status | ||||||
Never | 348 | 53.8 | 48.7 | 40.7–56.7 | 6.411 | 0.012 |
Current | 48 | 39.3 | 33.5 | 21.7–47.9 | ||
Former | 24 | 54.5 | 52.0 | 39.7–64.1 | ||
Physical Activity | ||||||
Yes | 115 | 51.1 | 46.1 | 34.2–58.5 | 0.023 | 0.884 |
No | 305 | 51.9 | 46.7 | 39.4–54.2 | ||
Nutrient Supplements | ||||||
Yes | 55 | 55.0 | 47.0 | 33.4–61.1 | 0.016 | 0.904 |
No | 365 | 51.2 | 46.5 | 39.0–54.2 | ||
Worry About Children | ||||||
Yes | 180 | 63.8 | 54.2 | 47.4–60.9 | 4.568 | 0.070 |
No | 240 | 45.2 | 42.8 | 32.0–54.3 | ||
Change of Health Status | ||||||
Yes | 157 | 65.7 | 51.0 | 37.8–64.0 | 0.772 | 0.409 |
No | 263 | 45.8 | 44.8 | 35.3–54.7 | ||
Financial Hardship | ||||||
Yes | 85 | 63.4 | 48.2 | 34.9–61.7 | 0.115 | 0.745 |
No | 335 | 49.3 | 46.2 | 37.9–54.8 | ||
Death of a Close Relative | ||||||
Yes | 58 | 77.3 | 73.7 | 60.4–83.8 | 39.344 | <0.001 |
No | 362 | 49.1 | 43.9 | 36.9–51.2 | ||
Unexpected Financial Loss | ||||||
Yes | 33 | 86.8 | 80.0 | 53.5–93.3 | 13.298 | 0.008 |
No | 387 | 49.9 | 45.3 | 37.7–53.3 | ||
Sad Experiences | ||||||
Yes | 56 | 80.0 | 72.9 | 55.9–85.1 | 20.092 | 0.003 |
No | 364 | 49.0 | 44.6 | 37.0–52.5 | ||
Conflicts between Relatives or Friends | ||||||
Yes | 22 | 81.5 | 65.2 | 28.3–89.9 | 1.657 | 0.239 |
No | 398 | 50.6 | 46.1 | 38.2–54.2 | ||
Experience of Terror | ||||||
Yes | 24 | 64.9 | 42.5 | 20.6–67.8 | 0.183 | 0.682 |
No | 396 | 51.0 | 46.8 | 39.2–54.5 | ||
SSRS Score | ||||||
<20 | 29 | 48.3 | 44.6 | 31.8–58.1 | 1.483 | 0.263 |
20–29 | 178 | 59.9 | 53.1 | 46.8–59.3 | ||
≥20 | 213 | 47.1 | 43.4 | 30.8–57.0 | ||
Self-Care Ability | ||||||
Yes | 396 | 51.4 | 46.3 | 38.2–54.7 | 1.630 | 0.242 |
No | 24 | 61.5 | 53.4 | 44.9–61.6 |
Risk Factors | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.007 | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 0.072 |
Age Group (years) | ||||
60–69 | ||||
70–79 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 0.620 | 0.94 (0.70–1.28) | 0.668 |
≥80 | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.197 | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | 0.277 |
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) | ||||
Normal | ||||
Lean | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | 0.220 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 0.992 |
Overweight/obese | 1.55 (1.16–2.07) | 0.009 | 1.64 (1.04–2.56) | 0.032 |
Educational Level | ||||
Illiterate | ||||
Primary | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.210 | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | 0.057 |
Secondary and higher | 0.59 (0.37–0.94) | 0.032 | 0.62 (0.34–1.15) | 0.110 |
Occupation | ||||
Cultivation | ||||
Housework | 2.23 (1.35–3.69) | 0.007 | 2.48 (1.86–3.31) | <0.001 |
Other | 0.90 (0.49–1.62) | 0.674 | 0.89 (0.6–1.32) | 0.508 |
Marital Status | ||||
Married | ||||
Widow/Divorced | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 0.051 | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) | 0.545 |
Other | 1.20 (0.72–2.01) | 0.422 | 1.28 (0.39–4.23) | 0.634 |
Religious Belief | ||||
Yes | 2.42 (1.27–4.62) | 0.014 | 2.24 (1.19–4.20) | 0.019 |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.552 | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.117 |
Diabetes Mellitus | ||||
Yes | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) | 0.052 | 1.24 (0.81–1.91) | 0.277 |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Yes | 1.98 (1.48–2.64) | 0.001 | 1.45 (0.88–2.40) | 0.125 |
Coronary Heart Disease | ||||
Yes | 1.34 (0.78–2.32) | 0.242 | 1.11 (0.68–1.82) | 0.624 |
Stroke | ||||
Yes | 1.74 (0.8–3.79) | 0.137 | 1.70 (0.50–5.72) | 0.339 |
Chronic Respiratory Disease | ||||
Yes | 1.39 (1.10–1.75) | 0.012 | 1.14 (0.88–1.48) | 0.272 |
Cancer | ||||
Yes | 6.4 (1.35–30.44) | 0.026 | 5.19 (1.14–23.56) | 0.037 |
Chronic Pain | ||||
Yes | 1.73 (0.98–3.06) | 0.057 | 1.60 (1.18–2.17) | 0.008 |
Discomfort | ||||
Yes | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | 0.966 | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 0.235 |
Smoking Status | ||||
Never | ||||
Current | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.087 | 1.09 (0.61–1.97) | 0.732 |
Former | 1.64 (1.12–2.41) | 0.018 | 3.08 (1.89–5.02) | 0.001 |
Drinking Status | ||||
Never | ||||
Current | 0.53 (0.34–0.83) | 0.012 | 0.60 (0.37–0.99) | 0.045 |
Former | 1.14 (0.60–2.19) | 0.639 | 0.74 (0.32–1.68) | 0.409 |
Physical Activity | ||||
Yes | 0.98 (0.67–1.42) | 0.884 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 0.854 |
Nutrient Supplements | ||||
Yes | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 0.904 | 0.75 (0.55–1.01) | 0.055 |
Worry About Children | ||||
Yes | 1.58 (0.95–2.64) | 0.071 | 1.88 (0.84–4.25) | 0.108 |
Change of Health Status | ||||
Yes | 1.28 (0.66–2.49) | 0.409 | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.753 |
Financial Hardship | ||||
Yes | 1.08 (0.62–1.90) | 0.745 | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 0.220 |
Death of a Close Relative | ||||
Yes | 3.59 (2.16–5.95) | 0.001 | 2.26 (1.75–2.91) | <0.001 |
Unexpected Financial Loss | ||||
Yes | 4.81 (1.57–14.71) | 0.013 | 5.30 (2.99–9.39) | <0.001 |
Sad Experiences | ||||
Yes | 3.33 (1.71–6.49) | 0.004 | 0.90 (0.61–1.35) | 0.563 |
Conflicts between Relatives or Friends | ||||
Yes | 2.19 (0.50–9.60) | 0.249 | 0.96 (0.55–1.67) | 0.869 |
Experience of Terror | ||||
Yes | 0.84 (0.32–2.20) | 0.682 | 0.41 (0.26–0.64) | 0.002 |
SSRS Score | ||||
<20 | ||||
20–29 | 1.41 (0.94–2.10) | 0.082 | 1.52 (0.89–2.61) | 0.108 |
≥20 | 0.96 (0.36–2.56) | 0.916 | 0.74 (0.27–2.01) | 0.499 |
Self-Care Ability | ||||
No | 1.32 (0.79–2.23) | 0.244 | 1.53 (1.10–2.13) | 0.019 |
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Yao, Y.; Ding, G.; Wang, L.; Jin, Y.; Lin, J.; Zhai, Y.; Zhang, T.; He, F.; Fan, W. Risk Factors for Depression in Empty Nesters: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Coastal City of Zhejiang Province and China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214106
Yao Y, Ding G, Wang L, Jin Y, Lin J, Zhai Y, Zhang T, He F, Fan W. Risk Factors for Depression in Empty Nesters: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Coastal City of Zhejiang Province and China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214106
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Yecheng, Gangqiang Ding, Liaoliao Wang, Ye Jin, Jianwei Lin, Yujia Zhai, Tao Zhang, Fan He, and Weigang Fan. 2019. "Risk Factors for Depression in Empty Nesters: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Coastal City of Zhejiang Province and China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214106