Adult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures of Independent Variables
2.2. Measure of Dependent Variable
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample Characteristics
3.2. Association between E-Cigarette Use and Reporting COPD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Controls a | E-Cigarette Users a | Sample Balance | Population Balance c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-Value | SMD b | p-Value | SMD b | |||
Number of Individuals | 2727 | 2727 | ||||
BMI | 27.5 (6.7) | 27.7 (6.8) | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.01 |
Years of conventional cigarette use | 14.2 (14.4) | 13.9 (13.7) | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.01 |
Age Group | 0.85 | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.04 | ||
18 to 24 years old | 793 (29.1) | 830 (30.4) | ||||
25 to 34 years old | 685 (25.1) | 685 (25.1) | ||||
35 to 44 years old | 475 (17.4) | 478 (17.5) | ||||
45 to 54 years old | 419 (15.4) | 394 (14.4) | ||||
55 to 65 years old | 265 (9.7) | 256 (9.4) | ||||
65 years old or older | 90 (3.3) | 84 (3.1) | ||||
Male | 1493 (54.7) | 1451 (53.2) | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 396 (14.5) | 396 (14.5) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.003 |
Race | 0.78 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.06 | ||
White | 2171 (79.6) | 2155 (79.0) | ||||
Black | 257 (9.4) | 272 (10.0) | ||||
Other | 299 (11.0) | 300 (11.0) | ||||
Grade of Highest Education | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.07 | ||
Less than High School | 312 (11.4) | 306 (11.2) | ||||
GED | 289 (10.6) | 271 (9.9) | ||||
High school graduate | 633 (23.2) | 664 (24.3) | ||||
Some college (no degree) or associates degree | 1096 (40.2) | 1131 (41.5) | ||||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 397 (14.6) | 355 (13.0) | ||||
Census Region | 0.84 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.04 | ||
Northeast | 301 (11.0) | 310 (11.4) | ||||
Midwest | 718 (26.3) | 692 (25.4) | ||||
South | 1059 (38.8) | 1081 (39.6) | ||||
West | 649 (23.8) | 644 (23.6) | ||||
Second Hand Exposure During Childhood | 1747 (64.1) | 1767 (64.8) | 0.59 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 0.01 |
History of Asthma | 356 (13.1) | 371 (13.6) | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 0.01 |
Poverty level | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.04 | ||
100% of poverty guideline | 985 (36.1) | 987 (36.2) | ||||
100-199% of poverty guideline | 674 (24.7) | 698 (25.6) | ||||
≥200% of poverty guideline | 1068 (39.2) | 1042 (38.2) | ||||
History of Blunt Use | 1097 (40.2) | 1107 (40.6) | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
Current Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Household | 1366 (50.1) | 1351 (49.5) | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.01 |
Never Used Cigars d | 1193 (43.7) | 1197 (43.9) | 0.94 | 0.003 | 0.40 | 0.03 |
Never Used Cigarillos | 968 (35.5) | 969 (35.5) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.001 |
Never Used Pipe | 1762 (64.6) | 1773 (65.0) | 0.78 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.03 |
Never Used Hookah | 1442 (52.9) | 1412 (51.8) | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.03 |
Never Used Oral Tobacco | 1729 (63.4) | 1703 (62.4) | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.81 | 0.01 |
Current conventional cigarette use | 1880 (68.9) | 1899 (69.6) | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
Former conventional cigarette use | 395 (14.5) | 368 (13.5) | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
History of High Blood Pressure | 519 (19.0) | 527 (19.3) | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.03 |
History of High Cholesterol | 376 (13.8) | 369 (13.5) | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.001 |
History of Congestive Heart Failure | 35 (1.3) | 42 (1.5) | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.67 | 0.01 |
History of Stroke | 47 (1.7) | 43 (1.6) | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.003 |
History of Heart Attack | 40 (1.5) | 47 (1.7) | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.01 |
History of Heroin, Inhalants or Hallucinogens | 482 (17.7) | 462 (16.9) | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.02 |
History of Diabetes | 257 (9.4) | 261 (9.6) | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.001 |
Category | Entire Cohort | Nonsmokers a | Subjects ≥35 b | Subjects ≥45 b | Subjects ≥55 b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not users | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
E-cigarette user | 1.47 (1.21–1.79) | 2.94 (1.73–4.99) | 1.57(1.27–1.95) | 1.57 (1.20–2.06) | 1.62 (1.14–2.31) |
Age groups b | |||||
18 to 24 | Reference | Reference | |||
25 to 34 | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 1.29 (0.68–2.42) | |||
35 to 44 | 1.79 (1.21–2.63) | 1.97 (0.87–4.45) | Reference | - | - |
45 to 54 | 2.37(1.67–3.37) | 1.96 (1.03–3.71) | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) | Reference | - |
55 to 65 | 3.15 (2.18–4.54) | 4.06 (2.07–7.97) | 1.79 (1.25–2.58) | 1.35 (1.03–1.77) | Reference |
>65 | 3.79 (2.55–5.65) | 5.96 (3.31–10.74) | 2.15 (1.38–3.37) | 1.64 (1.18–2.26) | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) |
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Perez, M.F.; Atuegwu, N.C.; Mead, E.L.; Oncken, C.; Mortensen, E.M. Adult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203938
Perez MF, Atuegwu NC, Mead EL, Oncken C, Mortensen EM. Adult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203938
Chicago/Turabian StylePerez, Mario F., Nkiruka C. Atuegwu, Erin L. Mead, Cheryl Oncken, and Eric M. Mortensen. 2019. "Adult E-Cigarettes Use Associated with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of COPD" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203938