Women’s Quality of Life at 6 Weeks Postpartum: Influence of the Discomfort Present in the Puerperium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sources of Information
2.2. Statistical Analysis Employed
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) |
---|---|
Maternal age | |
<35 years | 1449 (48.5) |
≥35 years | 1541 (51.5) |
Academic level | |
No studies | 7 (0.2) |
Primary | 146 (4.9) |
Secondary | 1070 (35.8) |
University | 1767 (59.1) |
Nationality | |
Spanish | 2886 (96.5) |
Other | 104 (3.5) |
Parity | |
Primiparous | 1503 (50.3) |
Multiparous | 1487 (49.7) |
Maternal training attendance | |
No | 1200 (40.1) |
Yes | 1790 (59.9) |
Health problems during pregnancy | |
No | 2113 (70.7) |
Yes | 877 (29.3) |
Multiple pregnancy | |
No | 2870 (96.0) |
Yes | 120 (4.0) |
Type of delivery | |
Vaginal | 2257 (75.5) |
Caesarean | 733 (24.5) |
Episiotomy | |
No | 1901 (63.6) |
Yes | 1089 (36.4) |
Acute perineal tearing (III/IV degree) | |
No | 2865 (95.8) |
Yes | 125 (4.2) |
Gestational age at delivery | |
≥37 weeks of gestation | 2757 (92.2) |
˂37 weeks of gestation | 233 (7.8) |
Newborn admittance | |
No | 2741 (70.6) |
Yes | 249 (8.3) |
Type of feeding | |
Maternal lactation | 2112 (70.6) |
Artiftial lactation | 878 (29.4) |
Quality of life affected by other problems/factors not related to the pregnancy, delivery and the puerperium | |
No | 2266 (75.8) |
Yes | 724 (24.2) |
Variable | SF-36 Scores | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Physical HRQOL Mean (SD) | Psychological HRQOL Mean (SD) | Global HRQOL Mean (SD) | |
Constipation | ||||
No (ref.) | 1743 (58.3) | 77.8 (19.66) | 67.9 (20.37) | 72.8 (17.71) |
Yes | 1247 (41.7) | 73.8 (21.21) | 64.8 (21.27) | 69.3 (18.74) |
MD CI 95% | −4.02 (−2.52, −5.51) | −3.09 (−1.58, −4.60) | −3.52 (−2.23, −4.88) | |
aMD CI 95% | −3.86 (−2.46, −5.26) | −2.92 (−1.48, −4.35) | −3.39 (−2.16, −4.62) | |
Haemorrhoids | ||||
No | 1603 (53.6) | 76.2 (20.34) | 66.9 (20.68) | 71.5 (18.11) |
Yes | 1387 (46.4) | 76.1 (20.50) | 66.2 (20.94) | 71.1 (18.36) |
MD CI 95% | −0.11 (−1.58, 1.36) | −0.74 (−2.23, 0.76) | −0.42 (−1.74, 0.89) | |
aMD CI 95% | −0.90 (−2.31, 0.52) | −1.64 (−0.19, −3.08) | −1.27 (−0.02, −2.51) | |
Infected wound | ||||
No | 2779 (92.9) | 76.7 (20.03) | 67.0 (20.58) | 71.9 (17.88) |
Yes | 211 (7.1) | 68.1 (23.53) | 61.1 (22.92) | 64.6 (21.16) |
MD CI 95% | −8.65 (−5.37, −11.92) | −5.92 (−2.72, −9.12) | −7.82 (−4.34, −10.23) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.95 (−3.19, −8.71) | −3.02 (−0.19, −5.85) | −4.48 (−2.01, −6.91) | |
Perineal pain | ||||
No | 1729 (57.8) | 78.1 (19.57) | 68.8 (20.37) | 73.4 (17.59) |
Yes | 1261 (42.2) | 73.5 (21.24) | 63.6 (21.03) | 68.5 (18.70) |
MD CI 95% | −4.61 (−2.52, −6.11) | −5.23 (−3.73, −6.74) | −4.92 (−3.61, −6.23) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.88 (−4.30, −7.47) | −6.44 (−4.82, −8.06) | −6.16 (−4.78, −7.55) | |
Headache | ||||
No | 2313 (77.4) | 78.7 (18.99) | 69.2 (19.60) | 74.0 (16.87) |
Yes | 677 (22.6) | 67.4 (22.62) | 57.48 (22.21) | 62.5 (19.82) |
MD CI 95% | −11.24 (−9.37, −13.11) | −11.77 (−9.91, −13.62) | −11.50 (−9.86, −13.14) | |
aMD CI 95% | −8.98 (−7.33, −10.64) | −9.68 (−7.99, −11.36) | −9.33 (−7.89, −10.77) | |
Breast pain | ||||
No | 1728 (57.8) | 78.2 (19.27) | 68.9 (20.01) | 73.5 (17.18) |
Yes | 1262 (42.2) | 73.3 (21.59) | 63.5 (21.46) | 68.4 (19.18) |
MD CI 95% | −4.86 (−3.36, −6.35) | −5.38 (−3.87, −6.90) | −5.12 (−3.79, −6.45) | |
aMD CI 95% | −4.14 (−2.74, −5.54) | −4.49 (−3.06, −5.92) | −4.31 (−3.09, −5.54) | |
Back pain | ||||
No | 1676 (56.1) | 80.7 (17.65) | 70.4 (19.34) | 75.6 (16.09) |
Yes | 1314 (43.9) | 70.3 (22.13) | 61.7 (21.57) | 66.0 (19.33) |
MD CI 95% | −10.50 (−9.02, −11.96) | −8.72 (−7.28, −10.26) | −9.63 (−8.33, −10.93) | |
aMD CI 95% | −9.01 (−7.64, −10.38) | −7.29 (−5.88, −8.71) | −8.15 (−6.94, −9.35) | |
Burning during urination | ||||
No | 2430 (81.3) | 77.3 (19.69) | 67.7 (20.54) | 72.5 (17.73) |
Yes | 560 (18.7) | 70.9 (22.61) | 61.6 (21.19) | 66.3 (19.44) |
MD CI 95% | −6.37 (−4.33, −8.39) | −6.17 (−4.23, −8.10) | −6.27 (−4.51, −8.02) | |
aMD CI 95% | −6.09 (−4.31, −7.56) | −5.85 (−4.03, −7.66) | −5.97 (−4.12, −7.52) | |
Urinary incontinence | ||||
No | 2007 (67.1) | 78.0 (19.34) | 68.2 (20.13) | 73.2 (17.24) |
Yes | 983 (32.9) | 72.2 (21.96) | 63.1 (21.71) | 67.7 (19.58) |
MD CI 95% | −5.79 (−4.18, −7.40) | −5.23 (−3.62, −6.85) | −5.51 (−4.07, −6.95) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.24 (−3.73, −6.75) | −4.71 (−3.16, −6.25) | −4.97 (−3.65, −6.30) | |
Faecal incontinence | ||||
No | 2844 (95.1) | 76.5 (20.24) | 66.8 (20.76) | 71.6 (18.11) |
Yes | 146 (4.9) | 69.5 (22.64) | 62.0 (21.29) | 65.7 (19.57) |
MD CI 95% | −7.00 (−3.22, −10.77) | −4.82 (−1.26, −8.38) | −5.91 (−2.64, −9.18) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.15 (−1.87, −8.42) | −1.45 (0.35, −6.36) | −4.08 (−1.20, −6.96) | |
Fatigue | ||||
No | 459 (15.4) | 83.2 (16.70) | 76.6 (17.89) | 79.9 (15.10) |
Yes | 2531 (84.6) | 74.8 (20.76) | 64.8 (20.78) | 69.8 (18.31) |
MD CI 95% | −8.39 (−6.66, −10.12) | −11.85 (−10.02, −13.68) | −10.12 (−8.56, −11.68) | |
aMD CI 95% | −7.08 (−5.17, −8.99) | −10.49 (−8.56, −12.42) | −8.78 (−7.12, −10.45) | |
Sadness | ||||
No | 1648 (55.1) | 79.4 (18.90) | 72.1 (18.07) | 75.8 (16.06) |
Yes | 1342 (44.9) | 72.1 (21.46) | 59.8 (21.89) | 65.9 (19.23) |
MD CI 95% | −7.34 (−5.90, −8.79) | −12.38 (−10.93, −13.82) | −9.86 (−8.59, −11.15) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.94 (−4.53, −7.35) | −11. 07 (−9.67, −12.47) | −8.50 (−7.29, −9.72) | |
Anxiety | ||||
No | 2049 (68.5) | 79.6 (18.31) | 72.0 (17.77) | 75.8 (15.63) |
Yes | 941 (31.5) | 68.48 (22.57) | 54.8 (22.04) | 61.6 (19.63) |
MD CI 95% | −11.16 (−9.51, −12.81) | −17.21 (−15.60, −16.82) | −14.19 (−12.75, −15.61) | |
aMD CI 95% | −8.60 (−7.09, −10.10) | −14.92 (−13.44, −16.39) | −11.76 (−10.48, −13.04) | |
Depression | ||||
No | 2485 (83.1) | 78.2 (19.11) | 69.6 (18.99) | 73.9 (16.66) |
Yes | 505 (16.9) | 65.9 (23.37) | 51.6 (22.77) | 58.8 (20.24) |
MD CI 95% | −12.25 (−10.07, −14.42) | −18.04 (−15.92, −20.16) | −15.14 (−13.49, −16.80) | |
aMD CI 95% | −9.35 (−7.47, −11.22) | −15.45 (−13.59, −17.31) | −12.40 (−10.79, −14.01) | |
Sexual problems | ||||
No | 1815 (60.7) | 74.3 (16.87) | 69.9 (19.34) | 74.3 (16.87) |
Yes | 1175 (39.5) | 72.2 (21.46) | 61.4 (21.91) | 66.8 (19.29) |
MD CI 95% | −6.50 (−4.98, −8.02) | −8.51 (−6.97, −10.05) | −7.51 (−6.16, −8.85) | |
aMD CI 95% | −5.42 (−3.97, −6.87) | −7.25 (−5.78, −8.72) | −6.34 (−5.07, −7.60) | |
Couple’s relationship | ||||
No | 2092 (70.0) | 78.8 (19.18) | 71.0 (18.33) | 74.9 (16.42) |
Yes | 898 (30.0) | 69.9 (21.83) | 56.2 (22.48) | 63.08 (19.50) |
MD CI 95% | −8.87 (−7.22, −10.52) | −14.81 (−13.14, −16.35) | −11.84 (−10.38, −13.30) | |
aMD CI 95% | −6.78 (−5.27, −8.30) | −12.72 (−11.23, −14.22) | −9.75 (−8.45, −11.05) | |
Lactation problems | ||||
No | 1897 (63.4) | 77.9 (19.34) | 69.0 (19.96) | 73.5 (17.25) |
Yes | 1093 (36.6) | 73.0 (21.81 | 62.4 (21.59) | 67.7 (19.29) |
MD CI 95% | −4.96 (−3.40, −6.52) | −6.53 (−4.97, −8.10) | −5.74 (−4.36, −7.13) | |
aMD CI 95% | −3.45 (−1.93, −4.98) | −5.15 (−3.60, −6.69) | −4.30 (−2.97, −5.63) |
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Martínez-Galiano, J.M.; Hernández-Martínez, A.; Rodríguez-Almagro, J.; Delgado-Rodríguez, M.; Rubio-Alvarez, A.; Gómez-Salgado, J. Women’s Quality of Life at 6 Weeks Postpartum: Influence of the Discomfort Present in the Puerperium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020253
Martínez-Galiano JM, Hernández-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Almagro J, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Rubio-Alvarez A, Gómez-Salgado J. Women’s Quality of Life at 6 Weeks Postpartum: Influence of the Discomfort Present in the Puerperium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020253
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Galiano, Juan Miguel, Antonio Hernández-Martínez, Julián Rodríguez-Almagro, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Ana Rubio-Alvarez, and Juan Gómez-Salgado. 2019. "Women’s Quality of Life at 6 Weeks Postpartum: Influence of the Discomfort Present in the Puerperium" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020253