A Comparative Study of Water Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Longevity Area and Adjacent Non-Longevity Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Investigation and Sample Processing
3.2. Water Hydrochemistry Types
3.3. Water Environment Quality Assessment
3.4. Human Health Risk Assessment
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Population Structural Characteristics and Investigation
4.2. Comparative Analysis of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Types
4.2.1. Drinking Water
4.2.2. Agricultural Water
4.2.3. Hydrochemistry Types
4.3. Comparative Assessment of Water Environment Quality
4.4. Comparative Assessment of Health Risk
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | LLV | CA |
---|---|---|
Climate condition | temperate continental arid climate | temperate continental arid climate |
Annual average temperature | 11.7 °C | 11.6 °C |
Annual precipitation | 45.7 mm | 47.7 mm |
Annual evaporation | 2460.3 mm | 2432.1 mm |
Atmospheric relative humidity | 39.8% | 42.0% |
Average elevation | 1350 m | 1531 m |
Frostless period | 205~210 days | 207~213 days |
Groundwater buried condition | Unconfined groundwater | Unconfined groundwater |
Per capita GDP | 4085 yuan ($571) | 5250 yuan ($733) |
Per capita grain planting area | 0.14 hm2 | 0.12 hm2 |
Indexes | Measurement Instruments and Methods | Detection Limit (mg/L, Except pH Value) |
---|---|---|
pH | Portable digital pH meter MT-8060 | 0–14.000 |
TDS/TH | EDTA titration method | 0.4/0.32 |
K+/Na+/Ca2+/Mg2+/free CO2 | Ion chromatograph ICS1500 | 0.05/0.01/0.2/0.12/0.07 |
Li/Sr/Cl−/SO42−/H2SiO3 | Ion chromatograph ICS1500 | 0.003/0.00610/0.09/1 |
HCO3− | Titration method | 5 |
I−/F−/TFe/Cu/Pb/Zn/Mn /Cr6+/Cd/Hg/As/Se/Br NH4+/NO3−/NO2− | Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) iCAP 6300 Ultraviolet spectrophotometer UV2550 | 0.02/0.1/0.05/0.01/0.001/0.002/0.001 /0.004/0.002/0.0001/0.001/0.001/0.005 0.05/0.02/0.02 |
Factors | LLV | CA |
---|---|---|
Population size | 2922 | 28.65 × 104 |
Agricultural population | 2586 | 25.98 × 104 |
Uygur population share | 99.6% | 98.3% |
Population aged 60 and above | 243 | 19769 |
Population aged 80 and above | 24 | 1364 |
Population aged 100 and above | 3 | 14 |
Average life expectancy * Centenarians/Total population | 78.4 1.03 × 10−3 | 77.2 4.89 × 10−5 |
Child mortality rate ** | 3.05‰ | 12.01‰ |
Indexes | pH | Cl− | F− | NO3-N | As | Se | Hg | SO42− | Cr6+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptable limits | ≥6.5, ≤8.5 | ≤300 | ≤1.2 | ≤20 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.001 | ≤250 | ≤0.05 |
LLV (N = 1) CA (N = 4) | 7.84 7.94 ± 0.3 | 326.1 111.5 ± 59.9 | 2.10 0.23 ± 0.2 | 0.52 4.73 ± 4.3 | ND 0.002 ± 0.001 | ND ND | ND ND | 196.9. 162.4 ± 81.9 | ND ND |
Indexes | Fe | Mn | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | TDS | TH | CODMn |
Acceptable limits | ≤0.5 | ≤0.3 | ≤1.0 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.01 | ≤1500 | ≤550 | ≤5.0 |
LLV (N = 1) CA (N = 4) | 0.86 0.32 ± 0.4 | ND 0.01 ± 0.01 | ND ND | ND ND | ND ND | ND ND | 651.6 1141.3 ± 279.6 | 326.7 430.3 ± 81.9 | 0.72 1.00 ± 0.1 |
Indexes | Acceptable Limits | LLV (N = 3) | CA (N = 11) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean ± SD | Min | Max | Mean ± SD | ||
pH | 5.5~8.5 | 7.8 | 8.01 | 7.93 ± 0.1 | 7.11 | 8.7 | 7.87 ± 0.5 |
Cl− | ≤350 | 140 | 269.4 | 200.3 ± 65.2 | 34.8 | 2971 | 670.7 ± 834.1 |
Hg | ≤0.001 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cd | ≤0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
As | ≤0.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 | 0.004 ± 0.002 |
Cr6+ | ≤0.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Pb | ≤0.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.006 | 0.002 ± 0.002 |
Index | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | Grade V | Over-Standard Rate (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLV (N = 4) | CA (N = 15) | ||||||
Classification | Excellent | Good | Moderate | Poor | Very poor | ||
TH (mg/L) | ≤150 | ≤300 | ≤450 | ≤650 | >650 | 0 | 46.7 |
TDS (mg/L) | ≤300 | ≤500 | ≤1000 | ≤2000 | >2000 | 25 | 53.3 |
Na+ (mg/L) | ≤100 | ≤150 | ≤200 | ≤400 | >400 | 50 | 46.7 |
SO42− (mg/L) | ≤50 | ≤150 | ≤250 | ≤350 | >350 | 0 | 53.3 |
Cl− (mg/L) | ≤50 | ≤150 | ≤250 | ≤350 | >350 | 50 | 53.3 |
Fe (mg/L) | ≤0.1 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.3 | ≤2.0 | >2.0 | 25 | 66.7 |
Mn (mg/L) | ≤0.05 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.10 | ≤1.50 | >1.50 | 0 | 46.7 |
F− (mg/L) | ≤1.0 | ≤1.0 | ≤1.0 | ≤2.0 | >2.0 | 50 | 40 |
I− (mg/L) | ≤0.04 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.08 | ≤0.50 | >0.50 | 0 | 13.3 |
As (mg/L) | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.05 | >0.05 | 0 | 7 |
LLV (N = 4) | CA (N = 15) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample No. | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | Grade V | Assessment Results | Sample No. | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | Grade V | Assessment Results |
L1 | 0.059 | 0.075 | 0.495 * | 0.223 | 0.193 | Grade III | H11 | 0.426 * | 0.205 | 0.226 | 0.220 | 0.000 | Grade I |
L2 | 0.342 | 0.528 * | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Grade II | H12 | 0.164 | 0.707 * | 0.129 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Grade II |
L3 | 0.021 | 0.172 | 0.733 * | 0.074 | 0.000 | Grade III | H13 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.048 | 0.001 | 0.933 * | Grade V |
L4 | 0.218 | 0.431 * | 0.352 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Grade II | H14 | 0.015 | 0.128 | 0.495 * | 0.337 | 0.026 | Grade III |
MC | 0.015 | 0.402 | 0.564 * | 0.020 | 0.000 | Grade III | H15 | 0.557 * | 0.021 | 0.236 | 0.187 | 0.000 | Grade I |
H16 | 0.040 | 0.351 | 0.609 * | 0.000 | 0.000 | Grade III | |||||||
H17 | 0.228 | 0.281 | 0.456 * | 0.036 | 0.000 | Grade III | |||||||
H18 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.087 | 0.011 | 0.795 * | Grade V | |||||||
H19 | 0.163 | 0.099 | 0.210 | 0.192 | 0.338 * | Grade V | |||||||
H20 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.900 * | Grade V | |||||||
H21 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.804 * | Grade V | |||||||
H22 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.981 * | Grade V | |||||||
H23 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.106 | 0.085 | 0.800 * | Grade V | |||||||
H24 | 0.082 | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.002 | 0.887 * | Grade V | |||||||
H25 | 0.006 | 0.044 | 0.266 | 0.138 | 0.537 * | Grade V | |||||||
MC | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.052 | 0.136 | 0.799 * | Grade V |
Parameters | As | Cl− | Fe | F− | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RfDnj [mg/(kg·day)] | 3.0 × 10−4 | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
qci [(kg·day)/mg] | 1.5 |
Control Groups and Samples No. | Non-Carcinogens | Carcinogen | HQn | Riskc | HRall | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cl− | Fe | F− | Mn | As | |||||
LLV | L1 | ND | 3.13 × 10−6 | 1.70 × 10−9 | 2.01 × 10−8 | ND | ND | 3.15 × 10−6 | ND | 3.15 × 10−6 |
L2 | ND | 1.34 × 10−6 | ND | 2.88 × 10−9 | ND | ND | 1.34 × 10−6 | ND | 1.34 × 10−6 | |
L3 | ND | 2.58 × 10−6 | ND | 1.15 × 10−8 | 3.29 × 10−10 | ND | 2.59 × 10−6 | ND | 2.59 × 10−6 | |
L4 | ND | 1.83 × 10−6 | ND | 8.63 × 10−9 | ND | ND | 1.84 × 10−6 | ND | 1.84 × 10−6 | |
Mean | ND | 2.22 × 10−6 | 4.60 × 10−10 | 1.08 × 10−8 | 1.59 × 10−10 | ND | 2.23 × 10−6 | ND | 2.23 × 10−6 | |
CA | H11 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 5.49 × 10−7 | 2.28 × 10−9 | 2.14 × 10−9 | 1.17 × 10−10 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 5.57 × 10−7 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 2.31 × 10−6 |
H12 | 1.95 × 10−9 | 1.25 × 10−6 | 4.07 × 10−10 | 4.87 × 10−10 | 1.67 × 10−11 | 8.76 × 10−7 | 1.25 × 10−6 | 8.76 × 10−7 | 2.13 × 10−6 | |
H13 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 4.42 × 10−6 | 6.33 × 10−10 | 2.34 × 10−8 | 5.72 × 10−10 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 4.45 × 10−6 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 6.20 × 10−6 | |
H14 | 5.84 × 10−9 | 2.32 × 10−6 | 2.14 × 10−11 | 1.65 × 10−8 | 4.21 × 10−10 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 2.35 × 10−6 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 4.97 × 10−6 | |
H15 | 1.95 × 10−9 | 4.09 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−9 | 3.11 × 10−9 | 1.08 × 10−10 | 8.76 × 10−7 | 4.16 × 10−7 | 8.76 × 10−7 | 1.29 × 10−6 | |
H16 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 1.79 × 10−6 | 3.31 × 10−11 | 1.56 × 10−9 | ND | 1.75 × 10−6 | 1.80 × 10−6 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 3.55 × 10−6 | |
H17 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 8.91 × 10−7 | 2.92 × 10−11 | 3.89 × 10−9 | ND | 1.75 × 10−6 | 8.99 × 10−7 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 2.65 × 10−6 | |
H18 | 9.73 × 10−9 | 4.14 × 10−6 | 1.21 × 10−9 | 6.42 × 10−9 | 2.71 × 10−10 | 4.38 × 10−6 | 4.16 × 10−6 | 4.38 × 10−6 | 8.54 × 10−6 | |
H19 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 1.25 × 10−6 | 7.40 × 10−11 | 4.28 × 10−9 | ND | 1.75 × 10−6 | 1.26 × 10−6 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 3.01 × 10−6 | |
H20 | 1.36 × 10−8 | 8.30 × 10−6 | 2.67 × 10−9 | 5.26 × 10−8 | 8.72 × 10−10 | 6.13 × 10−6 | 8.37 × 10−6 | 6.13 × 10−6 | 1.45 × 10−5 | |
H21 | ND | 2.89 × 10−5 | 6.52 × 10−8 | 6.62 × 10−9 | 1.73 × 10−9 | ND | 2.90 × 10−5 | ND | 2.90 × 10−5 | |
H22 | 3.89 × 10−9 | 9.26 × 10−6 | 3.97 × 10−9 | 5.45 × 10−8 | 4.09 × 10−10 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 9.32 × 10−6 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 1.11 × 10−5 | |
H23 | 5.84 × 10−9 | 9.09 × 10−6 | 8.37 × 10−10 | 1.36 × 10−8 | 4.51 × 10−10 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 9.11 × 10−6 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 1.17 × 10−5 | |
H24 | 5.84 × 10−9 | 3.39 × 10−7 | 2.20 × 10−8 | 2.14 × 10−9 | 9.43 × 10−10 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 3.70 × 10−7 | 2.63 × 10−6 | 3.00 × 10−6 | |
H25 | 2.14 × 10−8 | 3.23 × 10−6 | 1.48 × 10−8 | 1.27 × 10−8 | 9.64 × 10−10 | 9.63 × 10−6 | 3.28 × 10−6 | 9.63 × 10−6 | 1.29 × 10−5 | |
Mean | 5.97 × 10−9 | 5.08 × 10−6 | 7.75 × 10−9 | 1.36 × 10−8 | 4.58 × 10−10 | 2.69 × 10−6 | 5.11 × 10−6 | 2.69 × 10−6 | 7.79 × 10−6 | |
Mean CA/Mean LLV | - | 2.29 | 16.84 | 1.26 | 2.88 | - | 2.29 | - | 3.49 |
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Yu, J.; Zhou, J.; Long, A.; He, X.; Deng, X.; Chen, Y. A Comparative Study of Water Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Longevity Area and Adjacent Non-Longevity Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193737
Yu J, Zhou J, Long A, He X, Deng X, Chen Y. A Comparative Study of Water Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Longevity Area and Adjacent Non-Longevity Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193737
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jiawen, Jinlong Zhou, Aihua Long, Xinlin He, Xiaoya Deng, and Yunfei Chen. 2019. "A Comparative Study of Water Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Longevity Area and Adjacent Non-Longevity Area" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193737