A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Basics on Goal Programming
2.3. Measuring Environmental Performance through a Goal Programming Model
3. Empirical Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Assessing Multicriteria Environmental Performance
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | Decision Maker |
EPI | Environmental Performance Index |
GP | Goal Programming |
MEP | Multicriteria Environmental Performance |
WGP | Weighted Goal Programming |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Policy Objective | TLA | Weight | Issue Category | TLA | Weight | Indicator | TLA | Weight | w |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Health | HLT | 40% | Air Quality | AIR | 65% | Household Solid Fuels | HAD | 40% | 10.4% |
PM2.5 Exposure | PME | 30% | 7.8% | ||||||
PM2.5 Exceedance | PMW | 30% | 7.8% | ||||||
Water & Sanitation | H2O | 30% | Drinking Water | UWD | 50% | 6.0% | |||
Sanitation | USD | 50% | 6.0% | ||||||
Heavy Metals | HMT | 5% | Lead Exposure | PBD | 100% | 2.0% | |||
Ecosystem Vitality | ECO | 60% | Biodiversity & Habitat | BDH | 25% | Marine Protected Areas | MPA | 20% | 3.0% |
Biome Protection (National) | TBN | 20% | 3.0% | ||||||
Biome Protection (Global) | TBG | 20% | 3.0% | ||||||
Species Protection Index | SPI | 20% | 3.0% | ||||||
Representativeness Index | PAR | 10% | 1.5% | ||||||
Species Habitat Index | SHI | 10% | 1.5% | ||||||
Forests | FOR | 10% | Tree Cover Loss | TCL | 100% | 6.0% | |||
Fisheries | FSH | 10% | Fish Stock Status | FSS | 50% | 3.0% | |||
Regional Marine Trophic Index | MTR | 50% | 3.0% | ||||||
Climate & Energy | CCE | 30% | CO2 Emissions – Total | DCT | 50% | 9.0% | |||
CO2 Emissions – Power | DPT | 20% | 3.6% | ||||||
Methane Emissions | DMT | 20% | 3.6% | ||||||
N2O Emissions | DNT | 5% | 0.9% | ||||||
Black Carbon Emissions | DBT | 5% | 0.9% | ||||||
Air Pollution | APE | 10% | SO2 Emissions | DST | 50% | 3.0% | |||
NOX Emissions | DXT | 50% | 3.0% | ||||||
Water Resources | WRS | 10% | Wastewater Treatment | WWT | 100% | 6.0% | |||
Agriculture | AGR | 5% | Sustainable Nitrogen Management | SNM | 100% | 3.0% |
TLA | Mean | Sd | Median | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAD | 53.95 | 27.16 | 56.17 | −0.09 | −1.08 |
PME | 59.04 | 33.55 | 63.43 | −0.30 | −1.26 |
PMW | 58.85 | 30.47 | 58.83 | −0.12 | −1.21 |
USD | 51.67 | 29.88 | 49.66 | 0.01 | −1.07 |
UWD | 61.46 | 26.74 | 63.79 | −0.49 | −0.51 |
PBD | 68.25 | 26.44 | 67.57 | −0.46 | −0.81 |
MPA | 60.58 | 26.34 | 60.13 | −0.17 | −0.82 |
TBN | 67.74 | 29.60 | 67.77 | −0.47 | −0.94 |
TBG | 61.72 | 27.78 | 63.72 | −0.41 | −0.82 |
SPI | 48.98 | 32.27 | 44.22 | 0.21 | −1.19 |
PAR | 52.43 | 28.78 | 51.34 | −0.01 | −1.21 |
SHI | 70.36 | 27.16 | 76.51 | −0.59 | −0.90 |
TCL | 59.19 | 29.15 | 59.69 | −0.14 | −1.21 |
FSS | 57.92 | 25.68 | 59.14 | −0.14 | −0.68 |
MTR | 55.88 | 28.47 | 60.36 | −0.13 | −1.14 |
DCT | 69.43 | 29.33 | 77.72 | −0.69 | −0.66 |
DPT | 58.24 | 27.00 | 54.63 | −0.06 | −1.25 |
DMT | 60.09 | 27.75 | 62.54 | −0.18 | −1.00 |
DNT | 57.32 | 26.81 | 53.22 | 0.09 | −1.06 |
DBT | 62.89 | 29.98 | 64.31 | −0.31 | −1.22 |
DST | 66.77 | 29.17 | 71.26 | −0.59 | −0.80 |
DXT | 54.90 | 28.39 | 53.08 | 0.03 | −0.98 |
WWT | 60.22 | 29.92 | 61.03 | −0.33 | −1.05 |
SNM | 57.44 | 28.65 | 57.15 | −0.18 | −0.93 |
0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.000 | 0.080 | 0.102 | 0.099 | 0.106 | 0.122 | 0.124 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.129 | 0.128 | |
0.291 | 0.219 | 0.146 | 0.128 | 0.114 | 0.084 | 0.073 | 0.055 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.040 | |
0.000 | 0.017 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.051 | |
0.000 | 0.001 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.000 | |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.040 | 0.041 | 0.042 | |
0.000 | 0.052 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.024 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.030 | |
0.030 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.044 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.047 | |
0.000 | 0.014 | 0.047 | 0.062 | 0.049 | 0.026 | 0.015 | 0.027 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.039 | |
0.000 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.022 | 0.040 | 0.053 | 0.043 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.033 | |
0.034 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.029 | 0.023 | 0.025 | |
0.079 | 0.060 | 0.061 | 0.065 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.048 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.046 | |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
0.019 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
0.011 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
0.000 | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.018 | |
0.071 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.045 | |
0.144 | 0.079 | 0.031 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.022 | |
0.042 | 0.015 | 0.045 | 0.042 | 0.070 | 0.057 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.061 | 0.057 | |
0.137 | 0.117 | 0.057 | 0.042 | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.029 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.025 | |
0.062 | 0.015 | 0.033 | 0.039 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.040 | |
0.000 | 0.068 | 0.056 | 0.059 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.081 | 0.084 | 0.090 | 0.093 | |
0.017 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 0.077 | 0.090 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.081 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.082 | |
0.037 | 0.063 | 0.106 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.112 | 0.102 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.101 | |
0.027 | 0.023 | 0.028 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.035 | |
1980.0 | 1780.4 | 1694.4 | 1687.3 | 1671.4 | 1639.6 | 1638.4 | 1635.8 | 1630.7 | 1626.8 | 1631.2 | |
1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2099.5 | 2130.4 | 2172.6 | 2246.4 | 2278.1 | 2317.6 | 2331.7 | 2351.7 | 2358.3 | |
1980.0 | 1903.1 | 1846.9 | 1839.6 | 1861.4 | 1877.0 | 1886.4 | 1883.2 | 1879.5 | 1887.7 | 1890.6 | |
1980.0 | 1796.1 | 1773.0 | 1760.8 | 1775.1 | 1757.9 | 1762.8 | 1768.0 | 1764.8 | 1766.0 | 1772.3 | |
1980.0 | 1737.6 | 1706.6 | 1694.2 | 1690.2 | 1655.7 | 1654.8 | 1656.7 | 1648.3 | 1647.0 | 1651.1 | |
1980.0 | 1830.8 | 1868.0 | 1837.3 | 1820.9 | 1802.1 | 1797.4 | 1791.0 | 1788.5 | 1789.5 | 1785.6 | |
1980.0 | 1974.8 | 1935.5 | 1934.5 | 1915.1 | 1921.9 | 1926.1 | 1933.8 | 1933.5 | 1940.6 | 1941.3 | |
1980.0 | 1972.8 | 1976.9 | 2000.4 | 2000.0 | 2035.5 | 2046.9 | 2048.7 | 2056.4 | 2063.3 | 2064.1 | |
1980.0 | 1949.9 | 1970.9 | 1995.8 | 1989.7 | 2016.3 | 2020.6 | 2026.3 | 2034.3 | 2040.9 | 2041.2 | |
1980.0 | 1992.2 | 1957.6 | 1978.1 | 1984.4 | 1981.1 | 1985.0 | 1972.3 | 1978.2 | 1988.0 | 1984.2 | |
1980.0 | 1915.0 | 1890.6 | 1879.7 | 1864.9 | 1861.5 | 1865.8 | 1853.2 | 1855.0 | 1860.3 | 1863.2 | |
1980.0 | 1801.0 | 1827.3 | 1829.7 | 1835.2 | 1848.7 | 1856.0 | 1865.5 | 1869.3 | 1878.1 | 1878.0 | |
1980.0 | 1974.8 | 1950.5 | 1944.5 | 1962.8 | 1968.9 | 1973.2 | 1970.5 | 1973.8 | 1978.9 | 1978.5 | |
1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2099.5 | 2114.5 | 2120.1 | 2117.6 | 2114.9 | 2107.3 | 2109.5 | 2111.8 | 2109.9 | |
1980.0 | 1925.8 | 1912.4 | 1910.9 | 1917.1 | 1919.0 | 1917.6 | 1900.5 | 1903.1 | 1897.1 | 1892.7 | |
1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2024.0 | 2034.0 | 2020.4 | 2004.8 | 1991.5 | 1991.0 | 1990.1 | 1985.4 | 1981.1 | |
1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2099.5 | 2115.9 | 2107.2 | 2073.9 | 2064.3 | 2061.3 | 2062.6 | 2057.3 | 2057.2 | |
1980.0 | 1985.9 | 1911.8 | 1906.3 | 1874.5 | 1874.0 | 1864.5 | 1854.2 | 1853.5 | 1840.7 | 1841.9 | |
1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2099.5 | 2130.4 | 2164.7 | 2151.8 | 2145.6 | 2135.0 | 2135.8 | 2140.8 | 2138.7 | |
1980.0 | 1962.3 | 1894.8 | 1863.4 | 1846.7 | 1814.5 | 1801.6 | 1782.4 | 1778.7 | 1761.6 | 1759.0 | |
1980.0 | 1736.2 | 1672.5 | 1644.5 | 1614.9 | 1591.5 | 1568.1 | 1568.2 | 1560.9 | 1546.6 | 1543.8 | |
1980.0 | 1857.8 | 1765.0 | 1719.0 | 1693.5 | 1684.0 | 1671.2 | 1659.1 | 1650.4 | 1638.0 | 1635.7 | |
1980.0 | 1579.3 | 1472.0 | 1431.8 | 1412.6 | 1402.7 | 1398.1 | 1416.2 | 1414.2 | 1408.6 | 1409.2 | |
1980.0 | 1919.5 | 1880.9 | 1853.2 | 1840.7 | 1822.0 | 1813.4 | 1820.8 | 1811.7 | 1803.6 | 1801.2 | |
Z | 47,519 | 45,749 | 45,330 | 45,236 | 45,156 | 45,068 | 45,042 | 45,019 | 45,014 | 45,010 | 45,010 |
D | 1980.0 | 2030.8 | 2099.5 | 2130.4 | 2172.6 | 2246.4 | 2278.1 | 2317.6 | 2331.7 | 2351.7 | 2358.3 |
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Guijarro, F. A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162868
Guijarro F. A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162868
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuijarro, Francisco. 2019. "A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162868