Validation of the CIMI-Ethiopia Program and Seasonal Variation in Maternal Nutrient Intake in Enset (False Banana) Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Sample Size Calculation
2.5. Sampling
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Validation of CIMI-Ethiopia
3.3. Seasonal Variation in Nutrinet Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Validation of CIMI-Ethiopia
4.2. Seasonal Variation in Nutrient Intake
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Age of mothers, years | 18–24 | 52 | 9.0 |
25–34 | 512 | 88.7 | |
≥35 | 13 | 2.3 | |
Lactating, postharvest dry season | Yes | 433 | 75.0 |
No | 144 | 25.0 | |
Lactating, lean wet season | Yes | 338 | 58.6 |
No | 239 | 41.4 | |
Marital status | Co-habiting in marriage | 563 | 97.6 |
Other | 14 | 2.4 | |
Ethnicity | Sidama | 560 | 97.1 |
Others | 17 | 2.9 | |
Religion | Protestants | 528 | 91.5 |
Others | 49 | 8.5 | |
Educational level | Illiterate | 239 | 41.4 |
Some education | 338 | 58.6 | |
Occupation | Housewives | 506 | 87.7 |
Others | 71 | 12.3 | |
Family size | 3–5 members | 349 | 60.5 |
≥6 members | 228 | 39.5 |
Nutrient | Devi-ces | Postharvest Dry Season | Lean Wet Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (25th, 75th Perc.) | N (%) of <2/3 RNI | Mean (SD) | Median (25th, 75th Perc.) | N (%) of <2/3 RNI | ||
Iron (mg) | CIMI-E | 30.1 (14.3) | 27.1 (20.2, 36.6) | 218 (37.8) | 26.9 (11.4) | 25.7 (19.8, 31.1) | 291 (50.4) |
NS | 32.9 (15.1) | 29.5 (22.4, 39.7) | 185 (32.1) | 29.9 (11.6) | 28.7 (21.9, 35.2) | 252 (43.7) | |
Zinc (mg) | CIMI-E | 7.1 (4.6) | 6.2 (3.6, 9.6) | 446 (77.3) | 5.8 (3.8) | 5.1 (3.0, 8.2) | 465 (80.6) |
NS | 6.5 (4.3) | 5.6 (3.5, 8.4) | 473 (82.0) | 5.3 (3.4) | 4.8 (2.8, 6.9) | 480 (83.2) | |
Calcium (mg) | CIMI-E | 464 (249) | 432 (282, 606) | 556 (96.4) | 502 (233) | 477 (342, 645) | 560 (97.1) |
NS | 547 (333) | 481 (298, 733) | 521 (90.3) | 652 (340) | 625 (400, 840) | 489 (84.7) | |
Magnesium (mg) | CIMI-E | 371 (216) | 330 (215, 483) | 132 (22.9) | 329 (179) | 293 (199, 438) | 163 (28.2) |
NS | 397 (227) | 353 (232, 510) | 115 (19.9) | 340 (179) | 314 (203, 451) | 146 (25.3) | |
Niacin (mg) | CIMI-E | 10.3 (4.7) | 9.8 (6.9, 12.8) | 338 (58.6) | 10.1 (4.6) | 9.5 (6.6, 13.0) | 337 (58.4) |
NS | 12.4 (5.1) | 11.9 (8.8,15.3) | 236 (40.9) | 12.1 (4.7) | 11.3 (8.5, 15.1) | 248 (43.0) | |
Vitamin A (μg) | CIMI-E | 789 (772) | 608 (141, 1361) | 274 (47.5) | 1092 (842) | 930 (363, 1574) | 160 (27.7) |
NS | 1108 (1136) | 680 (218, 1951) | 255 (44.2) | 1509 (1143) | 1338 (513, 2174) | 137 (23.7) | |
PA (mg) | CIMI-E | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.3) | 505 (87.5) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.8) | 527 (91.3) |
NS | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.3) | 494 (85.6) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) | 531 (92.0) | |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | CIMI-E | 0.019 (0.158) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 575 (99.7) | 0.001 (0.012) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 577 (100) |
NS | 0.021 (0.194) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 574 (99.5) | 0.001 (0.012) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 577 (100) | |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | CIMI-E | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 270 (46.8) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 297 (51.5) |
NS | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 249 (43.2) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 274 (47.5) | |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | CIMI-E | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 310 (53.7) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 325 (56.3) |
NS | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 277 (48.0) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 271 (47.0) | |
Vitamin D (μg) | CIMI-E | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.014 (0.006, 0.020) | 577 (100) | 0.015 (0.014) | 0.014 (0.000, 0.023) | 577 (100) |
NS | 0.003 (0.013) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 577 (100) | 0.002 (0.012) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 577 (100) | |
Protein (g) | CIMI-E | 35.9 (20.6) | 33.1 (19.7, 46.6) | 299 (51.8) | 31.1 (18.2) | 28.0 (16.8, 42.7) | 339 (58.8) |
NS | 36.8 (20.0) | 33.7 (21.9, 47.0) | 290 (50.3) | 32.7 (17.8) | 30.0 (19.2, 43.3) | 312 (54.1) | |
Energy (kcal) | CIMI-E | 1531 (588) | 1454 (1100, 1881) | 380 (65.9) | 1405 (507) | 1335 (1068, 1706) | 402 (69.7) |
NS | 1596 (587) | 1530 (1148, 1946) | 354 (61.4) | 1495 (508) | 1422 (1149, 1819) | 370 (64.1) |
Nutrient | Mean Difference | SD | % Difference * | r |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron (mg) | −2.87 | 4.90 | 9.23 b | 0.93 ** |
Zinc (mg) | 0.56 | 1.36 | 9.45 b | 0.95 ** |
Calcium (mg) | −116.53 | 161.87 | 19.43 c | 0.90 ** |
Magnesium (mg) | −18.75 | 57.77 | 5.09 b | 0.96 ** |
Niacin (mg) | −2.05 | 1.43 | 16.75 c | 0.96 ** |
Vitamin A (μg) | −367.65 | 526.25 | 28.10 c | 0.91 ** |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | −0.005 | 0.58 | 0.22 a | 0.92 ** |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | −0.001 | 0.048 | 10.00 b | 0.95 ** |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | −0.02 | 0.15 | 2.06 a | 0.95 ** |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.17 | 0.27 | 12.59 b | 0.95 ** |
Vitamin D (μg) | 0.012 | 0.015 | NA | 0.21 ** |
Protein (g) | −1.26 | 5.05 | 3.62 a | 0.97 ** |
Energy (kcal) | −77.23 | 147.97 | 5.00 b | 0.96 ** |
Nutrient | Postharvest Dry Season | Lean Wet Season | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (25th, 75th perc.) | Mean (SD) | Median (25th, 75th perc.) | ||
Iron (mg) | 32.9 (15.1) | 29.5 (22.4, 39.7) | 29.9 (11.6) | 28.7 (21.9, 35.2) | <0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 6.5 (4.3) | 5.6 (3.5, 8.4) | 5.3 (3.4) | 4.8 (2.8, 6.9) | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 547 (333) | 481 (298, 733) | 652 (340) | 625 (400, 840) | <0.001 |
Magnesium (mg) | 397 (227) | 353 (232, 510) | 340 (179) | 314 (203, 451) | <0.001 |
Niacin (mg) | 12.4 (5.1) | 11.9 (8.8,15.3) | 12.1 (4.7) | 11.3 (8.5, 15.1) | 0.394 |
Vitamin A (μg) | 1108 (1136) | 680 (218, 1951) | 1509 (1143) | 1338 (513, 2174) | <0.001 |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.3) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) | <0.001 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0.021 (0.194) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.001 (0.012) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.007 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 0.076 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 0.003 (0.013) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.002 (0.012) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.009 |
Protein (g) | 36.8 (20.0) | 33.7 (21.9, 47.0) | 32.7 (17.8) | 30.0 (19.2, 43.3) | <0.001 |
Energy (kcal) | 1596 (587) | 1530 (1148, 1946) | 1495 (508) | 1422 (1149, 1819) | 0.020 |
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Bosha, T.; Lambert, C.; Riedel, S.; Gola, U.; Melesse, A.; Biesalski, H.K. Validation of the CIMI-Ethiopia Program and Seasonal Variation in Maternal Nutrient Intake in Enset (False Banana) Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162852
Bosha T, Lambert C, Riedel S, Gola U, Melesse A, Biesalski HK. Validation of the CIMI-Ethiopia Program and Seasonal Variation in Maternal Nutrient Intake in Enset (False Banana) Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162852
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosha, Tafese, Christine Lambert, Simon Riedel, Ute Gola, Aberra Melesse, and Hans K. Biesalski. 2019. "Validation of the CIMI-Ethiopia Program and Seasonal Variation in Maternal Nutrient Intake in Enset (False Banana) Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162852