Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Response Variables
2.2.2. Control Variables
2.3. General Procedures
2.4. Human and Animal Resources
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Description of Patients Included, Analysis of the Control Variables and Efficacy Variables at Baseline (before the Intervention)
3.2. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Intervention via the Main Variable
3.3. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Intervention via the Secondary Variables
3.4. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Intervention Based on the Level of Pain Measured in Each Session Using the VAS Scale
3.5. Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients n = 52 (100%) | Control n = 22 (42.31%) | Experimental n = 30 (57.69%) | p-Value | |
Age | 75.60 (7.29) | 77.50 (7.30) | 74.20 (7.08) | 0.11 |
Gender | 0.64 | |||
man | 5 (9.62%) | 3 (13.64%) | 2 (6.67%) | |
woman | 47 (90.38%) | 19 (86.36%) | 28 (93.33%) | |
Weight | 70.89 (12.5) | 72.25 (13.34) | 69.03 (11.29) | 0.23 |
Height | 153.76 (8.13) | 152.71 (6.63) | 155.2 (9.8) | 0.63 |
Body Mass Index | 29.96 (4.91) | 30.85 (5.38) | 28.74 (3.98) | 0.09 |
Charlson Index | 1.56 (1.97) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.64 (2.52) | 0.45 |
Number of sessions held | 9.35 (1.80) | 8.82 (1.65) | 9.73 (1.84) | 0.06 |
Live alone | 1 | |||
live alone | 15 (28.85%) | 6 (27.27%) | 9 (30%) | |
no live alone | 37 (71.15%) | 16 (72.73%) | 21 (70%) | |
Pet | 0.76 | |||
no pet | 36 (69.23%) | 16 (72.73%) | 20 (66.67%) | |
live with pet | 16 (30.77%) | 6 (27.27%) | 10 (33.33%) |
Basal Response Variables | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients n = 52 (100%) | Control n = 22 (42.31%) | Experimental n = 30 (57.69%) | p-Value | |
WOMAC | ||||
General | 8.40 (3.03) | 7.82 (1.82) | 8.83 (3.65) | 0.57 |
Stiffness | 3.27 (1.30) | 3.77 (1.11) | 2.90 (1.32) | 0.02 |
Functional capacity | 27.67 (8.53) | 27.32 (7.21) | 27.93 (9.49) | 0.91 |
Lattinen | ||||
General | 12.06 (3.30) | 12.09 (3.28) | 12.03 (3.38) | 0.72 |
Intensity | 2.50 (0.90) | 2.59 (0.96) | 2.43 (0.86) | 0.7 |
Frequency | 2.83 (0.90) | 2.77 (0.92) | 2.87 (0.90) | 0.79 |
Analgesics | 2.12 (0.83) | 1.91 (0.81) | 2.27 (0.83) | 0.11 |
lncapacity | 1.94 (0.64) | 2.00 (0.62) | 1.90 (0.66) | 0.58 |
Pain induced insomnia | 2.46 (1.31) | 2.68 (1.25) | 2.30 (1.34) | 0.27 |
EuroQoL | 9.25 (1.68) | 9.50 (1.85) | 9.07 (1.55) | 0.4 |
HAQ | 1.28 (0.51) | 1.38 (0.47) | 1.21 (0.54) | 0.14 |
Yesavage depression | 1.63 (1.60) | 1.55 (1.30) | 1.70 (1.80) | 0.93 |
Baseline Session 1 VAS | 4.98 (2.54) | 4.89 (2.95) | 5.04 (2.31) | 0.94 |
Response Variables | Control Group n = 22 (42.31%) | Experimental Group n = 30 (57.69%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Difference (Post-Pre) | 95% CI | p-Value | Pre | Post | Difference (Post-Pre) | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
A | B | A | B | |||||||||
WOMAC | ||||||||||||
Pain | 7.82 (1.82) | 5.18 (2.67) | −2.64 (1.81) | (−3.44, −1.83) | <0.00001 | 0.00008 | 8.83 (3.65) | 4.67 (2.9) | −4.17 (3.31) | (−5.4, −2.93) | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
Stiffness | 3.77 (1.11) | 2.5 (1.22) | −1.27 (1.35) | (−1.87, −0.67) | 0.0002 | 0.001 | 2.9 (1.32) | 2.3 (1.24) | −0.6 (1.16) | (−1.03, −0.17) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
Functional capacity | 27.32 (7.21) | 19.95 (7.52) | −7.36 (5.55) | (−9.82, −4.9) | <0.00001 | 0.0002 | 27.93 (9.49) | 17.13 (8.61) | −10.8 (7.1) | (−13.45, −8.15) | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
Lattinen | ||||||||||||
General | 12.09 (3.28) | 10.5 (3.05) | −1.59 (1.74) | (−2.36, −0.82) | 0.0003 | 0.002 | 12.03 (3.38) | 9.9 (3.17) | −2.13 (2.49) | (−3.06, −1.2) | 0.00006 | 0.00008 |
Intensity | 2.59 (0.96) | 1.86 (0.89) | −0.73 (0.83) | (−1.09, −0.36) | 0.0005 | 0.002 | 2.43 (0.86) | 1.93 (0.87) | −0.5 (0.9) | (−0.84, −0.16) | 0.005 | 0.007 |
Frequency | 2.77 (0.92) | 2.41 (1.18) | −0.36 (0.85) | (−0.74, 0.01) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2.87 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.84) | −0.77 (0.9) | (−1.1, −0.43) | 0.00006 | 0.0004 |
Analgesics | 1.91 (0.81) | 1.86 (0.71) | −0.05 (0.58) | (−0.3, 0.21) | 0.71 | 0.78 | 2.27 (0.83) | 1.93 (0.83) | −0.33 (0.66) | (−0.58, −0.09) | 0.01 | 0.02 |
lncapacity | 2 (0.62) | 1.82 (0.5) | −0.18 (0.5) | (−0.4, 0.04) | 0.1 | 0.13 | 1.9 (0.66) | 1.63 (0.61) | −0.27 (0.52) | (−0.46, −0.07) | 0.009 | 0.01 |
Pain induced insomnia | 2.68 (1.25) | 2.5 (1.41) | −0.18 (0.59) | (−0.44, 0.08) | 0.16 | 0.2 | 2.3 (1.34) | 2.27 (1.44) | −0.03 (1.45) | (−0.57, 0.51) | 0.9 | 0.75 |
EuroQoL | 9.5 (1.85) | 8.5 (1.9) | −1 (1.07) | (−1.47, −0.53) | 0.0003 | 0.0008 | 9.07 (1.55) | 8.03 (1.61) | −1.03 (1.56) | (−1.62, −0.45) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
HAQ | 1.38 (0.47) | 0.97 (0.49) | −0.4 (0.23) | (−0.5, −0.3) | <0.00001 | 0.00007 | 1.21 (0.54) | 0.85 (0.47) | −0.35 (0.34) | (−0.48, −0.23) | <0.00001 | 0.0001 |
Yesavage | 1.55 (1.3) | 1.27 (1.2) | −0.27 (0.94) | (−0.69, 0.14) | 0.19 | 0.22 | 1.7 (1.8) | 1.43 (1.65) | −0.27 (0.69) | (−0.52, −0.01) | 0.04 | 0.049 |
Reduction VAS (Pre—Post) | 0.24 (0.90) | 0.06 (0.74) | −0.17 (1.06) | (−0.79, 0.44) | 0.56 | 0.53 | 1.26 (1.63) | 0.74 (1.20) | −0.52 (1.53) | (−1.15, 0.11) | 0.11 | 0.09 |
Response Variables | EG Effect on Post Intervention Scores | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
βEG | 95% CI | p-Value | βEG:bl | 95% CI | p-Value | |
WOMAC | ||||||
Pain | −1.32 | (−2.65, 0.01) | 0.05 | −0.67 | (−1.27, −0.08) | 0.03 |
Stiffness | 0.19 | (−0.47, 0.85) | 0.57 | 0.18 | (−0.35, 0.71) | 0.49 |
Functional capacity | −3.25 | (−6.60, 0.10) | 0.06 | −0.12 | (−0.55, 0.31) | 0.60 |
Lattinen | ||||||
General | −0.56 | (−1.70, 0.58) | 0.33 | −0.12 | (−0.48, 0.22) | 0.48 |
Intensity | 0.15 | (−0.28, 0.58) | 0.49 | −0.10 | (−0.58, 0.39) | 0.69 |
Frequency | −0.37 | (−0.83, 0.08) | 0.10 | −0.46 | (−0.96, 0.05) | 0.08 |
Analgesics | −0.16 | (−0.50, 0.17) | 0.32 | 0.04 | (−0.35, 0,45) | 0.8 |
lncapacity | −0.12 | (−0.38, 0.11) | 0.30 | 0.12 | (−0.28, 0.52) | 0.54 |
Pain induced insomnia | 0.07 | (−0.54, 0.68) | 0.82 | −0.53 | (−1.01, −0.05) | 0.02 |
EuroQoL | −0.15 | (−0.88, 0.57) | 0.67 | −0.33 | (−0.76, 0.10) | 0.13 |
HAQ | 0.02 | (−0.14, 0.18) | 0.80 | −0.24 | (−0.56, 0.08) | 0.14 |
Yesavage | 0.05 | (−0.37, 0.46) | 0.83 | 0.17 | (−0.11, 0.47) | 0.23 |
Session | Reduction in VAS (Pre—Post Session) | Difference in the Reduction (Experimental vs. Control) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group n = 22 (42.31%) | Experimental Group n = 30 (57.69%) | Difference | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
A | B | |||||
Session 1 | 0.43 (01.03) | 1.26 (1.63) | 0.83 | (−0.015, 1.66) | 0.054 | 0.21 |
Session 2 | 0.68 (1.61) | 1.55 (1.95) | 0.87 | (−0.15, 1.89) | 0.09 | 0.044 |
Session 3 | 0.89 (1.50) | 0.70 (1.36) | −0.19 | (−1.05, 0.68) | 0.66 | 0.81 |
Session 4 | 1.24 (2.54) | 0.71 (1.95) | −0.53 | (−2.11, 1.04) | 0.49 | 0.48 |
Session 5 | −0.018 (2.56) | 0.69 (1.56) | 0.71 | (−0.72,2.15) | 0.31 | 0.69 |
Session 6 | 0.41 (1.48) | 0.87 (1.81) | 0.45 | (−0.56, 1.48) | 0.37 | 0.39 |
Session 7 | 1.00 (2.14) | 0.35 (1.03) | −0.65 | (−2.00, 0.70) | 0.33 | 0.36 |
Session 8 | 1.06 (1.06) | 0.31 (1.25) | −0.75 | (−1.54, 0.042) | 0.063 | 0.12 |
Session 9 | 0.40 (1.05) | 0.80 (1.64) | 0.40 | (−0.45, 1.25) | 0.34 | 0.44 |
Session10 | 0.90 (1.11) | 0.92 (1.16) | 0.02 | (−0.91, 0.96) | 0.96 | 0.98 |
Session11 | 0.37 (0.84) | 1.16 (1.43) | 0.79 | (0.06, 1.53) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Session12 | −0.2 (1.55) | 0.8 (1.17) | 1.00 | (0.15, 1.85) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Satisfaction Variables | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients n = 52 (100%) | Control n = 22 (42.31%) | Experimental n = 30 (57.69%) | p-Value | |
Did you like how the activity has developed? | 2.90 (0.36) | 2.90 (0.44) | 2.90 (0.31) | 0.55 |
Do you consider that the exercises performed can be useful? | 2.75 (0.48) | 2.81 (0.51) | 2.70 (0.47) | 0.25 |
Would you recommend this experience to a family member or friend? | 2.84 (0.37) | 2.76 (0.44) | 2.90 (0.31) | 0.19 |
Do you consider the session schedule adequate? | 2.39 (0.63) | 2.38 (0.59) | 2.40 (0.67) | 0.81 |
And its duration? | 2.45 (0.76) | 2.33 (0.80) | 2.53 (0.73) | 0.33 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Rodrigo-Claverol, M.; Casanova-Gonzalvo, C.; Malla-Clua, B.; Rodrigo-Claverol, E.; Jové-Naval, J.; Ortega-Bravo, M. Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162843
Rodrigo-Claverol M, Casanova-Gonzalvo C, Malla-Clua B, Rodrigo-Claverol E, Jové-Naval J, Ortega-Bravo M. Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162843
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigo-Claverol, Maylos, Carles Casanova-Gonzalvo, Belén Malla-Clua, Esther Rodrigo-Claverol, Júlia Jové-Naval, and Marta Ortega-Bravo. 2019. "Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162843