The Modifying Role of Socioeconomic Position and Greenness on the Short-Term Effect of Heat and Air Pollution on Preterm Births in Rome, 2001–2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Outcome Definition
2.3. Meteorological Variables and Air Pollution
2.4. Greenness Indicators
2.5. Socioeconomic Position
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
References
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Variable | Entire Cohort n (%) | Residential Proximity to Green Spaces | Residential Surrounding Greenness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤100 m n (%) | 100–500 m n (%) | >500 m n (%) | NDVI T1 (≤0.28) n (%) | NDVI T2 (0.29–0.36) n (%) | NDVI T3 (>0.36) n (%) | ||
Study population | 56,576 | 9013 (15.9) | 28,946 (51.2) | 18,617 (32.9) | 19,115 (33.8) | 19,239 (34.0) | 18,222 (32.2) |
Preterm birth | 2910 (5.1) | 487 (5.4) | 1491 (5.2) | 932 (5.0) | 989 (5.2) | 944 (4.9) | 977 (5.1) |
Maternal Age (years) | |||||||
<30 | 13,644 (24.1) | 2156 (23.9) | 6850 (23.7) | 4638 (24.9) | 4590 (24.0) | 4608 (24.0) | 4446 (24.4) |
30–36 | 30,485 (53.9) | 4846 (53.8) | 15,707 (54.3) | 9932 (53.4) | 10,315 (54.0) | 10,443 (54.3) | 9727 (53.4) |
≥37 | 12,447 (22.0) | 2011 (22.3) | 6389 (22.1) | 4047 (21.7) | 4210 (22.0) | 4188 (21.8) | 4049 (22.2) |
Education Level | |||||||
Primary school | 18,660 (33.0) | 2899 (32.2) | 9426 (32.6) | 6335 (34.0) | 6429 (33.6) | 6343 (33.0) | 5888 (32.3) |
High school | 24,268 (42.9) | 3936 (43.7) | 12,329 (42.6) | 8003 (43.0) | 8022 (42.0) | 8415 (43.7) | 7831 (43.0) |
Degree | 13,648 (24.1) | 2178 (24.2) | 7191 (24.8) | 4279 (23.0) | 4664 (24.4) | 4481 (23.3) | 4503 (24.7) |
Socioeconomic position | |||||||
High | 23,795 (42.1) | 3924 (43.5) | 13,384 (46.2) | 6484 (34.8) | 7347 (38.4) | 7704 (40.0) | 8744 (48.0) |
Medium | 12,349 (21.8) | 1985 (22.0) | 5972 (20.6) | 4392 (23.6) | 4862 (25.4) | 3804 (19.8) | 3683 (20.2) |
Low | 20,432 (36.1) | 3104 (34.4) | 9590 (33.1) | 7738 (41.6) | 6906 (36.1) | 7731 (40.2) | 5795 (31.8) |
Exposure | Min | 25° pctl | 50° pctl | 75° pctl | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warm Season (April–October) | |||||
Meteorological | |||||
daily maximum apparent temperature (°C) | 4.1 | 20.6 | 25.8 | 30.9 | 39.7 |
Air pollution | |||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 7.0 | 24.0 | 30.3 | 38.0 | 181.7 |
Ozone (μg/m3) | 7.7 | 78.6 | 94.8 | 111.4 | 199.2 |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 11.9 | 42.1 | 53.0 | 63.5 | 110.1 |
Environmental Exposures a | % Change per Unit Increase (90% CI) | % Change per IQR (90% CI) | IQR |
---|---|---|---|
Warm Season (April–October) | |||
MAT (Daily maximum apparent temperature) (Lag 0–2) b | 2.00 (0.98, 3.03) | 22.74 (10.59, 36.21) | 10.3 |
Air pollutants c | |||
PM10 (μg/m3) (Lag 12–22) | 0.73 (0.22, 1.25) | 8.16 (2.38, 14.26) | 10.7 |
Ozone (μg/m3) (Lag 0–2) | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.25) | 0.53 (−3.40, 4.61) | 30.4 |
NO2 (μg/m3) (Lag 0–2) | 0.20 (−0.14, 0.55) | 6.39 (−4.27, 18.22) | 18.2 |
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Asta, F.; Michelozzi, P.; Cesaroni, G.; De Sario, M.; Badaloni, C.; Davoli, M.; Schifano, P. The Modifying Role of Socioeconomic Position and Greenness on the Short-Term Effect of Heat and Air Pollution on Preterm Births in Rome, 2001–2013. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142497
Asta F, Michelozzi P, Cesaroni G, De Sario M, Badaloni C, Davoli M, Schifano P. The Modifying Role of Socioeconomic Position and Greenness on the Short-Term Effect of Heat and Air Pollution on Preterm Births in Rome, 2001–2013. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142497
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsta, Federica, Paola Michelozzi, Giulia Cesaroni, Manuela De Sario, Chiara Badaloni, Marina Davoli, and Patrizia Schifano. 2019. "The Modifying Role of Socioeconomic Position and Greenness on the Short-Term Effect of Heat and Air Pollution on Preterm Births in Rome, 2001–2013" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142497
APA StyleAsta, F., Michelozzi, P., Cesaroni, G., De Sario, M., Badaloni, C., Davoli, M., & Schifano, P. (2019). The Modifying Role of Socioeconomic Position and Greenness on the Short-Term Effect of Heat and Air Pollution on Preterm Births in Rome, 2001–2013. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142497