Maternal Factors and the Utilization of Maternal Care Services Associated with Infant Feeding Practices among Mothers in Rural Southern Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection and Measures
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Measurement of Exposure
2.5. Socio-Demographic Variables
2.6. Statistical Analyses
2.7. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers
3.2. Maternal Characteristics and Utilization of Maternal Care Services
3.3. Maternal Factors and the Utilization of Maternal Care Services Associated with Infant Feeding Practices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infant Feeding Practices | Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | Total, N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Initiation of breast feeding within first hour of birth | 157 (41.4) | 222 (58.6) | 379 (100) |
Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months | 201 (53.0) | 178 (47.0) | 379 (100) |
Initiation of complementary feeding at 6 months | 163 (43.0) | 216 (57.0) | 379 (100) |
Variables | Total, N (%) 379 (100) | Infant Feeding Practices, Yes, n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Initiation of Breast Feeding within First Hour of Birth Yes, n (%) 157 (41.4) | Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 Months Yes, n (%) 201 (53.0) | Initiation of Complementary Feeding at 6 Months Yes, n (%) 163 (43.0) | ||
Age (years) | p = 0.371 | p = 0.545 | p = 0.127 | |
<20 | 86 (22.7) | 41 (47.7) | 50 (58.1) | 44 (51.2) |
20–34 | 265 (69.9) | 106 (40.0) | 136 (51.3) | 105 (39.6) |
≥35 years | 28 (7.4) | 10 (35.7) | 15 (53.6) | 14 (50.0) |
Caste/ethnicity | p = 0.141 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.296 | |
Dalit | 58 (15.3) | 18 (31.0) | 132 (55.7) | 99 (41.8) |
Adibasi/Janajati | 84 (22.2) | 40 (47.6) | 51 (60.7) | 42 (50.0) |
Upper caste Group | 237 (62.5) | 99 (41.8) | 18 (31.0) | 22 (37.9) |
Birth origin | p = 0.025 | p = 0.097 | p = 0.038 | |
Hill | 107 (28.2) | 54 (50.5) | 64 (59.8) | 108 (39.7) |
Terai | 272 (71.8) | 103 (37.9) | 137 (50.4) | 55 (48.6) |
Women education | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
No education | 89 (23.5) | 23 (25.8) | 16 (18.0) | 22 (24.7) |
Primary | 135 (35.6) | 42 (31.1) | 69 (51.1) | 48 (35.6) |
Secondary & higher | 155 (40.9) | 92 (59.4) | 116 (74.8) | 93 (60.0) |
Women occupation | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Labor | 64 (16.9) | 17 (26.6) | 13 (20.3) | 16 (25.0) |
Agricultural work | 122 (32.2) | 36 (29.5) | 55 (45.1) | 47 (38.5) |
Service/business/ household works | 193 (50.9) | 104 (53.9) | 133 (68.9) | 100 (51.8) |
Family income | p = 0.006 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.125 | |
1st tertile | 130 (34.3) | 40 (30.8) | 53 (40.8.) | 47 (36.2) |
2nd tertile | 121 (31.9) | 53 (43.8) | 68 (56.2.) | 54 (44.6) |
3rd tertile | 128 (33.8) | 64 (50.0) | 80 (62.5) | 62 (48.8) |
Types of family | p = 0.029 | p = 0.260 | p = 0.341 | |
Nuclear | 180 (47.5) | 85 (47.2) | 90 (50.0.) | 82 (45.6) |
Joint | 199 (52.5) | 72 (36.2) | 111 (55.8) | 81 (40.7) |
Parity | p = 0.430 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.177 | |
Primi | 148 (39.1) | 65 (43.9) | 95 (64.2) | 70 (47.3) |
Multi | 231 (60.9) | 92 (39.8) | 106 (45.9) | 93 (40.3) |
Sex of Child | p = 0.05 | p = 0.097 | p = 0.004 | |
Male | 178 (47.7) | 77 (43.3) | 102 (57.3) | 90 (50.6) |
Female | 195 (52.3) | 79 (40.5) | 95 (48.7) | 70 (35.9) |
Variables | Total, N (%) 379 (100) | Infant Feeding Practices (Yes, %) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Initiation of Breast Feeding First Hour of Birth Yes, n (%) 157 (41.4) | Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 Months Yes, n (%)201 (53.0) | Initiation of Complementary Feeding at 6 Months Yes, n (%) 163 (43.0) | ||
MCH intervention (MATRI-SUMAN) | p = 0.002 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.002 | |
Received | 193 (50.9) | 95 (49.2) | 118 (61.1) | 98 (50.8) |
Not received | 186 (49.1) | 62 (33.3) | 83 (44.6) | 65 (34.9) |
Number of ANC visit | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
<4 ANC | 148 (39.1) | 30 (20.3) | 31 (29.9) | 35 (23.6) |
4 or more | 231 (60.9) | 127 (55.0) | 170 (73.6) | 128 (55.4) |
Place of Delivery | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.004 | |
Home | 220 (58.0) | 61 (27.7) | 88 (40.0) | 73 (33.2) |
Health facility | 159 (42.0) | 96 (60.4) | 113 (71.1) | 90 (56.6) |
PNC visit | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.001 | |
Yes | 219 (57.8) | 120 (54.8) | 162 (74.0) | 39 (24.4) |
No | 160 (42.2) | 37 (23.1) | 39 (24.4) | 124 (56.6) |
Variables | Infant Feeding Practices (OR, 95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Initiation of Breast Feeding within First Hour of Birth | Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 Months | Initiation of Complementary Feeding at 6 Months | |
Age (Years) | |||
<20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–34 | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
35–45 | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) |
Caste/ethnicity | |||
Dalit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Adibasi/Janajati | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) |
Upper caste group | 2.0 (1.1–4.0) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) |
Birth origin | |||
Terai | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hill | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) |
Women education | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 4.7 (2.5–9.0) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) |
Secondary & higher | 4.1 (2.3–7.4) | 13.5 (7.0–26.0) | 4.5 (2.5–8.1) |
Women occupation | |||
Labor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agricultural work | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 3.2 (1.5–6.5) | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) |
Service/business/ household works | 3.2 (1.7–6.0) | 8.6 (4.4–17.1) | 3.2 (1.7–6.0) |
Family Income | |||
1st tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2nd tertile | 1.7 (1.1–2.9) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
3rd tertile | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) | 2.4 (1.4–3.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) |
Types of family | |||
Joint | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nuclear | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
Parity | |||
Multi | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primi | 1.8 (0.7–1.7) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
Sex of Child | |||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
MCH Intervention (MATRI-SUMAN) | |||
Not received | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Received | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) |
ANC visit | |||
<4 ANC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4 or more | 4.8 (2.9–7.2) | 10 (6.4–17.2) | 4.0 (2.5–6.3) |
Place of delivery | |||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health facility | 3.9 (2.5–6.1) | 3.6 (2.3–5.7) | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) |
PNC visit | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 4.0 (2.5–6.3) | 8.8 (5.5–14.1) | 4.0 (2.5–6.3) |
Variable | Infant Feeding Practices (aOR, 95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Initiation of Breast Feeding First Hour of Birth | Exclusive Breast Feeding for 6 Months | Initiation of Complementary Feeding at 6 Months | |
Age (Years) | |||
<20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–34 | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
35–45 | 0.5 (0.2–1.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.9 (0.4–1.6) |
Caste/ethnicity | |||
Dalit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Adibasi/Janajati | 1.7 (0.5–5.1) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 1.0 (0.4–2.1) |
Upper caste group | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
Birth origin | |||
Terai | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hill | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 1.1 (0.3–3.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
Women education | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.2 (0.4–3.3) | 2.2 (1.1–4.4) | 2.2 (0.8–5.6) |
Secondary & higher | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 5.5 (1.8–16.1) | 2.2 (1.2–3.9) |
Women occupation | |||
Labor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agricultural work | 1.3 (0.4–3.8) | 1.5 (0.5–5.0) | 1.1 (0.6–3.0) |
Service/business/household works | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 1.4 (0.5–4.0) |
Family Income | |||
1st tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2nd tertile | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) |
3rd tertile | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.0) |
Types of family | |||
Joint | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nuclear | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
Parity | |||
Multi | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primi | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 2.2 (1.2–4.0) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
Sex of child | |||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) |
MCH Intervention (MATRI-SUMAN) | |||
Not received | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Received | 1.7 (1.1–2.9) | 1.8 (1.1–3.2) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) |
ANC visit | |||
<4 ANC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4 or more | 3.2 (1.2–8.0) | 3.1 (1.3–7.5) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) |
Place of delivery | |||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health facility | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
PNC visit | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 2.4 (1.1–5.6) | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Acharya, D.; Singh, J.K.; Kandel, R.; Park, J.-H.; Yoo, S.-J.; Lee, K. Maternal Factors and the Utilization of Maternal Care Services Associated with Infant Feeding Practices among Mothers in Rural Southern Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111887
Acharya D, Singh JK, Kandel R, Park J-H, Yoo S-J, Lee K. Maternal Factors and the Utilization of Maternal Care Services Associated with Infant Feeding Practices among Mothers in Rural Southern Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(11):1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111887
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcharya, Dilaram, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Rajendra Kandel, Ji-Hyuk Park, Seok-Ju Yoo, and Kwan Lee. 2019. "Maternal Factors and the Utilization of Maternal Care Services Associated with Infant Feeding Practices among Mothers in Rural Southern Nepal" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11: 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111887