The Relationship between Mental Health and the Quality of Life of Polish Nurses with Many Years of Experience in the Profession: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Procedure and Ethical Considerations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Studied Group
3.2. Factors Affecting Mental Health Status (GHQ-28)
3.3. Mental Health Status and Satisfaction with Life as well as Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Factors | GHQ-28 * Domains | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Symptoms | Symptoms of Anxiety and Insomnia | Social Dysfunctions | Symptoms of Depression | GHQ-28 * Total | |
Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | |
Age | |||||
41–45, n = 203 | 2.0 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 2.2 ± 2.4, 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.6, 0.0 | 0.4 ± 1.1, 0.0 | 5.6 ± 5.8, 4.0 |
46–50, n = 153 | 2.5 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 2.5 ± 2.4, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.6 ± 6.2, 5.0 |
51–55, n = 97 | 2.2 ± 2.3, 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.6, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.4 ± 6.5, 5.0 |
over 55, n = 62 | 1.9 ± 2.4, 1.0 | 2.0 ± 2.6, 1.0 | 1.3 ± 2.4, 0.0 | 0.8 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 6.0 ± 8.2, 2.0 |
p-value | 0.095 | 0.274 | 0.810 | 0.531 | 0.125 |
Work experience (in years) | |||||
up to 15, n = 50 | 1.9 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 2.3 ± 2.6, 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.9, 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.9, 0.0 | 5.5 ± 5.6, 4.5 |
16–20, n = 128 | 2.2 ± 2.3, 2.0 | 2.2 ± 2.4, 1.5 | 1.1 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.3, 0.0 | 6.1 ± 6.2, 4.5 |
21–25, n = 345 | 2.2 ± 2.3, 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.9, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.2 ± 6.6, 4.0 |
p-value | 0.697 | 0.950 | 0.788 | 0.658 | 0.874 |
Marital Status | |||||
single, n = 41 | 1.9 ± 2.1, 1.0 | 2.1 ± 2.6, 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.7, 0.0 | 5.2 ± 6.0, 2.0 |
married, n = 396 | 2.2 ± 2.2, 2.0 | 2.4 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.3 ± 6.4, 5.0 |
widowed, n = 23 | 2.0 ± 2.7, 0.0 | 2.2 ± 2.9, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 2.1, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.6, 0.0 | 6.0 ± 2.0, 8.2 |
divorced, n = 63 | 2.1 ± 2.3, 1.0 | 2.1 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.5, 0.0 | 0.4 ± 1.0, 0.0 | 5.5 ± 5.9, 4.0 |
p-value | 0.693 | 0.701 | 0.875 | 0.465 | 0.471 |
Financial situation | |||||
Good, n = 188 | 1.9 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 1.9 ± 2.3, 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.9, 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.9, 0.0 | 4.9 ± 5.4, 3.0 |
Average, n = 331 | 2.2 ± 2.3,1.0 | 2.4 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.2 ± 1.9, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.3 ± 6.6, 5.0 |
Bad, n = 14 | 2.9 ± 2.4, 3.0 | 3.2 ± 2.8, 3.0 | 1.5 ± 2.0, 0.0 | 0.9 ± 1.6, 0.0 | 8.5 ± 7.2, 7.0 |
p-value | 0.032 | 0.003 | 0.088 | 0.023 | 0.005 |
Place of residence | |||||
big city 15, n = 241 | 2.2 ± 2.2, 2.0 | 2.2 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 5.9 ± 4.0, 6.5 |
small town 15, n = 221 | 2.1 ± 2.3, 1.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.2, 0.0 | 6.0 ± 6.2, 4.0 |
village, n = 61 | 2.5 ± 2.4, 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.2 ± 2.0, 0.0 | 0.8 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 7.3 ± 6.8, 6.0 |
p-value | 0.487 | 0.107 | 0.371 | 0.060 | 0.262 |
Have children? | |||||
Yes, n = 470 | 2.2 ± 2.3, 2.0 | 2.4 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.2 ± 6.4, 5.0 |
No, n = 53 | 1.6 ± 2.0, 1.0 | 1.7 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.2, 0.0 | 0.4 ± 1.2, 0.0 | 4.7 ± 6.0, 2.0 |
p-value | 0.0527 | 0.0904 | 0.9851 | 0.1047 | 0.0725 |
Professional and Health Factors | GHQ-28 * Domains | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Symptoms | Symptoms of Anxiety and Insomnia | Social Dysfunctions | Symptoms of Depression | GHQ-28 * Total | |
Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | Mean ± SD, Me | |
Shift work | |||||
Yes, n = 413 | 2.2 ± 2.3, 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.1 ± 1.9, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 6.3 ± 6.6, 5.0 |
No, n = 110 | 2.0 ± 2.2, 1.5 | 2.1 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.5, 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.9, 0.0 | 5.3 ± 5.5, 3.0 |
p-value | 0.424 | 0.202 | 0.161 | 0.056 | 0.210 |
Work in a managerial position | |||||
Yes, n = 56 | 2.2 ± 2.6, 1.0 | 2.2 ± 2.6, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.9, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 6.1 ± 6.9, 4.0 |
No, n = 467 | 2.2 ± 2.2, 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.3, 0.0 | 6.1 ± 6.4 ,4.0 |
p-value | 0.899 | 0.542 | 0.712 | 0.663 | 0.838 |
Number of jobs | |||||
One, n = 289 | 2.2 ± 2.2, 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.2, 0.0 | 6.0 ± 6.0, 5.0 |
Two, n = 148 | 1.9 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 2.1 ± 2.4, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 2.0, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.6, 0.0 | 5.7 ± 6.9, 3.0 |
More, n = 86 | 2.6 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.6, 2.0 | 1.2 ± 2.1, 0.0 | 0.7 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 7.0 ± 7.0, 4.0 |
p-value | 0.148 | 0.511 | 0.710 | 0.290 | 0.318 |
Absence from work | |||||
never, n = 367 | 2.1 ± 2.1, 1.0 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.1, 0.0 | 5.8 ± 5.9, 5.0 |
less than a week, n = 55 | 2.4 ± 2.4, 2.0 | 2.1 ± 2.3, 1.0 | 1.1 ± 2.0, 0.0 | 0.8 ± 1.8, 0.0 | 6.4 ± 6.9, 4.0 |
week or more, n = 101 | 2.3 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.7, 2.0 | 1.3 ± 2.1, 0.0 | 0.7 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 6.8 ± 7.8, 4.0 |
p-value | 0.735 | 0.789 | 0.779 | 0.651 | 0.929 |
Chronic comorbidity | |||||
No, n = 355 | 2.2 ± 2.2, 1.0 | 2.2 ± 2.5, 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.7, 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.3, 0.0 | 5.6 ± 6.2, 3.0 |
Yes, n = 168 | 2.5 ± 2.4, 2.0 | 2.6 ± 2.5, 2.0 | 1.3 ± 2.0, 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4, 0.0 | 7.0 ± 6.7, 5.5 |
p-value | 0.019 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.479 | 0.008 |
Average Scores of Questionnaires | Mean | Me | SD | c25 | c75 | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWLS * CI 95% (20.2–21.9) | 21.5 | 21 | 5.6 | 18 | 25 | 6 | 35 |
GHQ-28 * | |||||||
Somatic symptoms CI 95% (1.9–2.5) | 2.2 | 2 | 2.3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 7 |
Symptoms of anxiety and insomnia CI 95% (2.1–2.9) | 2.3 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 7 |
Social dysfunction CI 95% (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Symptoms of depression CI 95% (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
GHQ (Total) CI 95% (5.8–6.3) | 6.1 | 4 | 6.4 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 28 |
WHOQoL-Bref * | |||||||
Somatic domain CI 95% (12.7–13.1) | 12.9 | 13.1 | 1.9 | 12.0 | 14.3 | 4.6 | 17.7 |
Psychological domain CI 95% (13.5–13.9) | 13.7 | 14.0 | 1.9 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 5.3 | 14.7 |
Social domain CI 95% (14.3–14.8) | 14.6 | 14.7 | 2.9 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 4.0 | 20.0 |
Environment CI 95% (13.0–13.4) | 13.2 | 13.5 | 2.2 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 5.0 | 19.0 |
Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF * | GHQ-28 * Domains | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Symptoms | Symptoms of Anxiety and Insomnia | Social Dysfunction | Symptoms of Depression | Total | |
Somatic domain | −0.45 p = 0.0000 | −0.44 p = 0.0000 | −0.32 p = 0.0000 | −0.33 p = 0.0000 | −0.50 p = 0.0000 |
Psychological domain | −0.36 p = 0.0000 | −0.42 p = 0.0000 | −0.39 p = 0.0000 | −0.40 p = 0.0000 | −0.47 p = 0.0000 |
Social domain | −0.19 p = 0.0000 | −0.28 p = 0.0000 | −0.25 p = 0.0000 | −0.27 p = 0.0000 | −0.28 p = 0.0000 |
Environment | −0.26 p = 0.0000 | −0.28 p = 0.0000 | −0.26 p = 0.0000 | −0.20 p = 0.0000 | −0.31 p = 0.0000 |
SWLS * | −0.23 p = 0.0000 | −0.28 p = 0.0000 | −0.21 p = 0.0000 | −0.22 p = 0.0000 | −0.30 p = 0.0000 |
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Lewko, J.; Misiak, B.; Sierżantowicz, R. The Relationship between Mental Health and the Quality of Life of Polish Nurses with Many Years of Experience in the Profession: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101798
Lewko J, Misiak B, Sierżantowicz R. The Relationship between Mental Health and the Quality of Life of Polish Nurses with Many Years of Experience in the Profession: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101798
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewko, Jolanta, Bianka Misiak, and Regina Sierżantowicz. 2019. "The Relationship between Mental Health and the Quality of Life of Polish Nurses with Many Years of Experience in the Profession: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101798