Association of Dietary Behaviors and Sleep Quality: Results from the Adults Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey of 2015 in Ningbo, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Demographic Variables
2.3. Dietary Behaviors
2.4. Sleep Quality
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All Participants (n = 5160) | Sleep Quality | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Good Sleep Quality PSQI < 7 (4718) | Poor Sleep Quality PSQI ≥ 7 (442) | |||
Sex (female) | 2821 (54.7) | 2516 (53.3) | 305 (69.0) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 46.86 ± 14.96 | 46.04 ± 14.90 | 55.53 ± 12.72 | <0.001 |
Above high school | 1965 (38.1) | 1840 (39.0) | 125 (28.3) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 1104 (21.4) | 993 (21.0) | 111 (25.1) | <0.001 |
No spouse | 954 (18.5) | 868 (18.4) | 86 (19.5) | 0.170 |
Regular exercise | 2209 (42.8) | 2030 (43.0) | 179 (40.5) | 0.304 |
Income below population average (%) | 3342 (64.8) | 3040 (64.4) | 302 (68.3) | 0.101 |
BMI | 23.66 ± 3.31 | 23.65 ± 3.31 | 23.75 ± 3.24 | 0.540 |
Smokers | 1250 (24.2) | 1166 (24.7) | 84 (19.0) | 0.007 |
Hypertension | 2014 (39.0) | 1779 (37.7) | 235 (53.2) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 571 (11.1) | 493 (10.4) | 78 (17.6) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1541(29.9) | 1405 (29.8) | 136 (30.8) | 0.664 |
Variables | All Participants (n = 5160) | Sleep Quality | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Good Sleep Quality PSQI < 7 (4718) | Poor Sleep Quality PSQI ≥ 7(442) | |||
Salt b (g/meal) M(LQ-UQ) | 4.4 (2.8–5.6) | 4.4 (2.8–5.6) | 4.4 (2.8–6.7) | 0.337 |
MSG b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 1.1 (0.3–2.2) | 1.1 (0.3–2.2) | 1.1 (0.3–2.2) | 0.710 |
Edible oil b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 17.8 (11.1–27.8) | 17.7 (11.1–27.8) | 17.8 (11.1–27.8) | 0.608 |
Soy sauce b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 4.4 (2.2–6.7) | 4.4 (2.2–6.7) | 4.7 (2.2–8.5) | 0.015 |
Dark vegetables b | 0.015 | |||
<1 time/d | 2611 (50.6) | 2363 (50.1) | 248 (56.1) | |
≥1 time/d | 2549 (49.4) | 2355 (49.9) | 194 (43.9) | |
Light vegetables b | <0.001 | |||
<1 time/d | 2328 (45.1) | 2052 (43.5) | 276 (62.4) | |
≥1 time/d | 2832 (54.9) | 2666 (56.5) | 166 (37.6) | |
Dark fruits b | 0.998 | |||
<1 time/d | 3934 (76.2) | 3597 (76.2) | 337 (76.2) | |
≥1 time/d | 1226 (23.8) | 1121 (23.8) | 105 (23.8) | |
Light fruits b | 0.449 | |||
<1 time/d | 3515 (68.1) | 3221 (68.3) | 294 (66.5) | |
≥1 time/d | 1645 (31.9) | 1497 (31.7) | 148 (33.5) | |
Water c | 0.004 | |||
<4 cups/d | 2873 (55.7) | 2598 (55.1) | 275 (62.2) | |
≥4 cups/d | 2287 (44.3) | 2120 (44.9) | 167 (37.1) | |
Tea c | 0.934 | |||
<1 cup/month | 918 (17.8) | 840 (17.8) | 78 (17.6) | |
≥1 cup/month | 4242 (82.2) | 3878 (82.2) | 364 (82.4) | |
Coffee c | 0.239 | |||
<1 cup/month | 138 (2.7) | 130 (2.8) | 8 (1.8) | |
≥1 cup/month | 5022 (97.3) | 4588 (97.2) | 434 (98.2) | |
Alcohol c | 0.001 | |||
<1 time/month | 3867 (74.9) | 3565 (75.6) | 302 (68.3) | |
≥1 time/month | 1293 (25.1) | 1153 (24.4) | 140 (31.7) | |
Eating breakfast out a | 0.275 | |||
Yes | 2301 (44.6) | 2093 (44.4) | 208 (47.1) | |
No | 2859 (55.4) | 2625 (55.6) | 234 (52.9) | |
Eating lunch out a | 0.506 | |||
Yes | 1482 (28.7) | 1349 (28.6) | 133 (30.1) | |
No | 3678 (71.3) | 3369 (71.4) | 309 (69.9) | |
Eating dinner out a | 0.532 | |||
Yes | 913 (17.7) | 830 (17.6) | 83 (18.8) | |
No | 4247 (82.3) | 3888 (82.4) | 359 (81.2) | |
Eating midnight snack out a | 0.042 | |||
Yes | 388 (7.5) | 344 (7.3) | 44 (10.0) | |
No | 4772 (92.5) | 4374 (92.7) | 398 (90.0) |
Variables | β | SE | OR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salt b | 0.003 | 0.017 | 1.003 | 0.969–1.038 | 0.860 |
MSG b | 0.029 | 0.036 | 0.972 | 0.906–1.042 | 0.419 |
Edible oil b | 0.001 | 0.004 | 1.001 | 0.993–1.009 | 0.854 |
Soy sauce b | 0.025 | 0.009 | 1.025 | 1.008–1.043 | 0.005 |
Dark vegetables b (≥1 time/d) | −0.157 | 0.136 | 1.170 | 0.896–1.527 | 0.249 |
Light vegetables b (≥1 time/d) | −0.038 | 0.137 | 1.039 | 0.794–1.360 | 0.782 |
Dark fruits b (≥1 time/d) | −0.074 | 0.177 | 0.929 | 0.656–1.314 | 0.676 |
Light fruits b (≥1 time/d) | 0.136 | 0.159 | 1.145 | 0.838–1.564 | 0.394 |
Water c (≥4 cups/d) | −0.149 | 0.110 | 0.862 | 0.695–1.068 | 0.174 |
Tea c (yes) | 0.127 | 0.147 | 1.135 | 0.852–1.513 | 0.386 |
Coffee c (yes) | 0.254 | 0.385 | 1.289 | 0.606–2.744 | 0.510 |
Alcohol c (≥1 day/wk) | 0.370 | 0.111 | 1.448 | 1.165–1.800 | 0.001 |
Eating breakfast out a (yes) | 0.143 | 0.126 | 1.153 | 0.901–1.477 | 0.258 |
Eating lunch out a (yes) | −0.298 | 0.176 | 0.742 | 0.526–1.047 | 0.090 |
Eating dinner out a (yes) | −0.009 | 0.202 | 0.991 | 0.666–1.474 | 0.965 |
Eating midnight snack out a (yes) | 0.245 | 0.273 | 1.278 | 0.748–2.183 | 0.370 |
Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | |
Salt b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 0.013 ± 0.011 | 0.248 | 0.006 ± 0.012 | 0.588 |
MSG b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 0.028 ± 0.024 | 0.257 | −0.040 ± 0.024 | 0.102 |
Edible oil b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.003 | 0.146 |
Soy sauce b (g/meal) M (LQ-UQ) | 0.022 ± 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.022 ± 0.006 | 0.001 |
Dark vegetables b (≥1 time/d) | 0.077 ± 0.071 | 0.281 | 0.086 ± 0.092 | 0.356 |
Light vegetables b (≥1 time/d) | 0.121 ± 0.072 | 0.093 | 0.005 ± 0.091 | 0.953 |
Dark fruits b (≥1 time/d) | −0.280 ± 0.084 | 0.001 | −0.394 ± 0.119 | 0.001 |
Light fruits b (≥1 time/d) | −0.070 ± 0.077 | 0.358 | −0.213 ± 0.109 | 0.051 |
Water c (≥4 cups/d) | −0.440 ± 0.072 | <0.001 | −0.246 ± 0.071 | 0.001 |
Tea c (yes) | 0.093 ± 0.093 | 0.320 | 0.059 ± 0.095 | 0.535 |
Coffee c(yes) | −0.331 ± 0.221 | 0.135 | 0.294 ± 0.212 | 0.167 |
Alcohol c (≥1 day/wk) | 0.244 ± 0.082 | 0.003 | 0.217 ± 0.078 | 0.005 |
Eating breakfast out a (yes) | −0.440 ± 0.072 | <0.001 | 0.154 ± 0.081 | 0.055 |
Eating lunch out a (yes) | −0.649 ± 0.079 | <0.001 | −0.108 ± 0.094 | 0.252 |
Eating dinner out a (yes) | −0.414 ± 0.095 | <0.001 | 0.081 ± 0.110 | 0.461 |
Eating midnight snack out a (yes) | −0.539 ± 0.139 | <0.001 | 0.191 ± 0.142 | 0.180 |
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Kong, F.; Li, H.; Xu, G.; Ying, Y.; Gong, Q.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, L.; Liu, S.; Han, L. Association of Dietary Behaviors and Sleep Quality: Results from the Adults Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey of 2015 in Ningbo, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091823
Kong F, Li H, Xu G, Ying Y, Gong Q, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Liu S, Han L. Association of Dietary Behaviors and Sleep Quality: Results from the Adults Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey of 2015 in Ningbo, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091823
Chicago/Turabian StyleKong, Fanqian, Hui Li, Guodong Xu, Yanyan Ying, Qinghai Gong, Jinshun Zhao, Xiaohong Zhang, Lina Zhang, Shiwei Liu, and Liyuan Han. 2018. "Association of Dietary Behaviors and Sleep Quality: Results from the Adults Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey of 2015 in Ningbo, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091823