Aircraft Noise and Psychological Ill-Health: The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Exposure Assessment
2.3. Psychological Illness
2.4. Confounding Factors
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants | Non-Participants 1 | Study Population 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | % | |
Noise level (Lden in dB) | |||||
Paris-Charles de Gaulle | |||||
<50 | 108 | 17% | 324 | 22% | - |
50–54 | 102 | 16% | 215 | 14% | - |
55–59 | 208 | 34% | 464 | 31% | - |
≥60 | 202 | 33% | 497 | 33% | - |
Toulouse-Blagnac | |||||
<50 | 104 | 25% | 198 | 29% | - |
50–54 | 103 | 25% | 159 | 23% | - |
55–59 | 101 | 25% | 160 | 23% | - |
≥60 | 103 | 25% | 169 | 25% | - |
Lyon Saint-Exupery | |||||
<50 | 105 | 49% | 166 | 57% | - |
50–54 | 102 | 48% | 124 | 43% | - |
55–59 | 5 | 2% | 1 | 0% | - |
≥60 | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% | - |
Gender | |||||
Men | 549 | 44% | 1028 | 41% | 48% |
Women | 695 | 56% | 1449 | 59% | 52% |
Age | |||||
18–34 | 226 | 18% | 497 | 20% | 26% |
35–44 | 236 | 19% | 435 | 18% | 17% |
45–54 | 266 | 21% | 416 | 17% | 19% |
55–64 | 260 | 21% | 448 | 18% | 15% |
65–74 | 185 | 15% | 332 | 13% | 13% |
≥75 | 71 | 6% | 331 | 13% | 10% |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 253 | 20% | 555 | 22% | - |
Married | 782 | 63% | 1326 | 54% | - |
Widowed | 76 | 6% | 281 | 11% | - |
Divorced | 133 | 11% | 194 | 8% | - |
Other | 0 | 0% | 10 | 0% | - |
Unknown/refusal | 0 | 0% | 111 | 5% | - |
Socio-occupational category | |||||
Farming, trade | 32 | 2% | 81 | 3% | 5% |
Executive, superior Intellectual occupation | 227 | 18% | 322 | 13% | 9% |
Intermediate | 220 | 18% | 103 | 4% | 14% |
Office worker | 268 | 22% | 749 | 30% | 17% |
Manual worker | 79 | 6% | 145 | 6% | 13% |
Retiree | 337 | 27% | 929 | 38% | 25% |
Never worked or long-term unemployed (students, housewives, other) | 81 | 7% | 134 | 5% | 17% |
Unknown/refusal | 0 | 0% | 14 | 1% | - |
N | Number of Participants with GHQ-12 ≥ 3 | Number of Participants with GHQ-12 < 3 | OR | (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noise levels (Lden in dB) | |||||
<45 | 82 | 25 (30%) | 57 (70%) | 1 | - |
45–49 | 235 | 49 (21%) | 186 (79%) | 0.60 | (0.34–1.06) |
50–54 | 307 | 62 (20%) | 245 (80%) | 0.58 | (0.33–1.00) |
55–59 | 314 | 66 (21%) | 248 (79%) | 0.61 | (0.35–1.04) |
≥60 | 306 | 66 (22%) | 240 (78%) | 0.63 | (0.36–1.08) |
Noise sensitivity | |||||
As sensitive or less sensitive than people around you | 866 | 154 (18%) | 712 (82%) | 1 | - |
More sensitive than people around you | 369 | 111 (30%) | 258 (70%) | 1.99 | (1.50–2.64) |
Annoyance due to aircraft noise | |||||
Not at all annoyed | 246 | 37 (15%) | 209 (85%) | 1 | - |
Slightly | 312 | 65 (21%) | 247 (79%) | 1.49 | (0.95–2.32) |
Moderately | 460 | 99 (22%) | 361 (78%) | 1.55 | (1.02–2.34) |
Very | 186 | 50 (27%) | 136 (73%) | 2.08 | (1.29–3.35) |
Extremely | 40 | 17 (43%) | 23 (57%) | 4.18 | (2.04–8.56) |
Gender | |||||
Men | 549 | 92 (17%) | 457 (83%) | 1 | - |
Women | 695 | 176 (25%) | 519 (75%) | 1.68 | (1.27–2.23) |
Age | |||||
18–34 | 226 | 43 (19%) | 183 (81%) | 1 | - |
35–44 | 236 | 58 (25%) | 178 (75%) | 1.39 | (0.89–2.16) |
45–54 | 266 | 71 (27%) | 195 (73%) | 1.55 | (1.01–2.38) |
55–64 | 260 | 56 (22%) | 204 (78%) | 1.17 | (0.75–1.82) |
65–74 | 185 | 26 (14%) | 159 (86%) | 0.70 | (0.41–1.18) |
≥75 | 71 | 14 (20%) | 57 (80%) | 1.05 | (0.53–2.05) |
Country of birth | |||||
France-born | 1054 | 215 (20%) | 839 (80%) | 1 | - |
Foreign-born | 190 | 53 (28%) | 137 (72%) | 1.51 | (1.06–2.14) |
Occupational activity | |||||
No | 499 | 100 (20%) | 399 (80%) | 1 | - |
Yes | 745 | 168 (23%) | 577 (77%) | 1.16 | (0.88–1.53) |
Education | |||||
<French high-school certificate | 452 | 97 (21%) | 355 (79%) | 1 | - |
French high-school certificate | 215 | 52 (24%) | 163 (76%) | 1.17 | (0.79–1.72) |
>French high-school certificate | 577 | 119 (21%) | 458 (79%) | 0.95 | (0.70–1.29) |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 253 | 56 (22%) | 197 (78%) | 1 | - |
Married | 782 | 162 (21%) | 620 (79%) | 0.92 | (0.65–1.3) |
Divorced | 133 | 34 (26%) | 99 (74%) | 1.21 | (0.74–1.97) |
Widowed | 76 | 16 (21%) | 60 (79%) | 0.94 | (0.50–1.75) |
Smoking habits | |||||
Non-smoker | 625 | 120 (19%) | 505 (81%) | 1 | - |
Ex-smoker | 330 | 74 (22%) | 256 (78%) | 1.22 | (0.88–1.69) |
Occasional smoker | 19 | 1 (5%) | 18 (95%) | 0.23 | (0.03–1.77) |
Daily smoker | 269 | 72 (27%) | 197 (73%) | 1.54 | (1.10–2.15) |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
No | 348 | 89 (26%) | 259 (74%) | 1 | - |
Light | 637 | 134 (21%) | 503 (79%) | 0.78 | (0.57–1.05) |
Moderate | 193 | 31 (16%) | 162 (84%) | 0.56 | (0.35–0.88) |
Heavy | 54 | 10 (19%) | 44 (81%) | 0.66 | (0.32–1.37) |
Number of work-related stress and major stressful life events | |||||
0 | 287 | 46 (16%) | 241 (84%) | 1 | - |
1 | 330 | 57 (17%) | 273 (83%) | 1.09 | (0.71–1.67) |
≥2 | 627 | 165 (26%) | 462 (74%) | 1.87 | (1.30–2.69) |
Household monthly income | |||||
≥4000 euros (4500 US$) | 319 | 56 (18%) | 263 (82%) | 1 | - |
2300–4000 euros (2600–4500 US$) | 474 | 93 (20%) | 381 (80%) | 1.15 | (0.79–1.65) |
<2300 euros (2600 US$) | 451 | 119 (26%) | 332 (74%) | 1.68 | (1.18–2.40) |
Sleep duration | |||||
≤5 h | 52 | 9 (17%) | 43 (83%) | 0.65 | (0.31–1.40) |
6 h | 256 | 30 (19%) | 126 (81%) | 0.74 | (0.47–1.18) |
7 h | 363 | 88 (24%) | 275 (76%) | 1 | - |
8 h | 424 | 94 (22%) | 330 (78%) | 0.89 | (0.64–1.24) |
≥9 h | 249 | 47 (19%) | 202 (81%) | 0.73 | (0.49–1.08) |
Antidepressant use | |||||
No | 1203 | 255 (21%) | 948 (79%) | 1 | - |
Yes | 41 | 13 (32%) | 28 (68%) | 1.73 | (0.88–3.38) |
Self-reported anxiety | |||||
Moderately/slightly/not at all | 978 | 122 (12%) | 856 (88%) | 1 | - |
Extremely/a lot | 266 | 146 (55%) | 120 (45%) | 8.54 | (6.28–11.61) |
OR | (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
M0 Model | ||
Lden1 | 0.91 | (0.72–1.14) |
M1 Model | ||
Lden1 | 1.02 | (0.78–1.34) |
M2 Model | ||
Lden1 | 0.93 | (0.69–1.24) |
Noise sensitivity | ||
Less or as sensitive as people around you | 1.00 | |
More sensitive th. people around you | 1.52 | (1.09–2.14) |
Annoyance due to aircraft noise | ||
Not at all annoyed | 1.00 | |
Slightly | 1.79 | (1.06–3.03) |
Moderately | 1.63 | (0.98–2.71) |
Very | 2.00 | (1.10–3.64) |
Extremely | 4.00 | (1.67–9.55) |
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Baudin, C.; Lefèvre, M.; Champelovier, P.; Lambert, J.; Laumon, B.; Evrard, A.-S. Aircraft Noise and Psychological Ill-Health: The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in France. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081642
Baudin C, Lefèvre M, Champelovier P, Lambert J, Laumon B, Evrard A-S. Aircraft Noise and Psychological Ill-Health: The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in France. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081642
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaudin, Clémence, Marie Lefèvre, Patricia Champelovier, Jacques Lambert, Bernard Laumon, and Anne-Sophie Evrard. 2018. "Aircraft Noise and Psychological Ill-Health: The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in France" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081642