Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Test Organisms and Chemical
2.3. Test Conditions
2.4. Acute Toxicity Tests
2.5. Histopathology Test
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mortality, LC50 Values and MAC
3.2. Behavioral Responses
3.3. Histopathological Effects of Pymetrozine
3.3.1. Gills
3.3.2. Perigastric Organs
3.3.3. Hearts
3.3.4. Stomachs
3.3.5. Midguts
3.3.6. Abdominal Muscles
4. Discussion
4.1. Lethal Effects of Pymetrozine
4.2. Behavioral Effects of Pymetrozine
4.3. Histopathological Effects of Pymetrozine
4.3.1. Gill
4.3.2. Perigastric Organ
4.3.3. Heart
4.3.4. Stomach
4.3.5. Midgut
4.3.6. Abdominal Muscle
4.4. Pymetrozine Safety Evaluation for RCIS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism | LC50/EC50 (mg/L) | US EPA Toxicity Category | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Oncorhynchus mykiss | >128 (96 h LC50) | Practically non | [17] |
Lepomis macrochirus | >134 (96 h LC50) | Practically non | [17] |
Cyprinodon variegatus | >117 (96 h LC50) | Practically non | [17] |
Brachydanio rerio | 119.84 (96 h LC50) | Practically non | [18] |
Carassais auratus gibebio | 387 (96 h LC50) | Practically non | [19] |
Lemna gibba | >109 (EC50) | Slightly | [17] |
Daphnia magna | 87 (48 h EC50) | Slightly | [17] |
Kirchneria subcapitata | 17 (EC50) | Slightly | [17] |
Hyposoter didymator | – | Harmless | [20] |
Trichogramma chilonis | 0.96 (48 h LC50) | Slightly–moderately | [21] |
Time (h) | Regression Equation | R2 | LC50 (mg/L) | 95% Confidence Limits (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 | P = -0.050 + 3.472C | 0.927 | 1.034 | 0.875–1.392 |
48 | P = 0.316 + 2.254C | 0.904 | 0.724 | 0.588–0.942 |
72 | P = 0.650 + 2.515C | 0.942 | 0.551 | 0.452–0.671 |
96 | P = 0.880 + 2.753C | 0.973 | 0.479 | 0.393–0.571 |
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Yu, J.; Xu, E.G.; Li, W.; Jin, S.; Yuan, T.; Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, T. Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050984
Yu J, Xu EG, Li W, Jin S, Yuan T, Liu J, Li Z, Zhang T. Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050984
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jixin, Elvis Genbo Xu, Wei Li, Shiyu Jin, Ting Yuan, Jiashou Liu, Zhongjie Li, and Tanglin Zhang. 2018. "Acute Toxicity of an Emerging Insecticide Pymetrozine to Procambarus clarkii Associated with Rice-Crayfish Culture (RCIS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050984