Adsorption Performance Analysis of Alternative Reactive Media for Remediation of Aquifers Affected by Heavy Metal Contamination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Natural Materials Tested
2.1.1. Cabuya Fibers
- Water absorption: 60.0% as average value [33];
2.1.2. Ecuador Limestone
2.1.3. Natural Zeolite
2.2. Synthetic Materials Tested
2.2.1. Synthetic Zeolite
2.2.2. Zero Valent Iron (ZVI)
2.3. Heavy Metals Investigated
2.4. Laboratory Investigations
2.5. Characterization of the Investigated Materials
2.5.1. Cabuya Fibers
2.5.2. Ecuador Limestone
2.5.3. Natural Zeolite
2.5.4. Synthetic Zeolite
2.5.5. ZVI
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorption Trends Analysis
3.1.1. Copper
3.1.2. Zinc
3.1.3. Cadmium
3.1.4. Lead
3.2. Heavy Metals Removal Comparison
3.3. Analysis of the Main Removal Mechanisms
4. Conclusions
- Large adsorption percentages (>90%) can be observed by employing, for the remediation of Cu- and Zn-contaminated slurry, all materials considered in the present study. Important removal performances can be observed after about 12 h of contact time in batch conditions. Cd removal by employing reactants whose main mechanism is surface adsorption, such as those considered in the present study, can require up to 25 h or more of contact time, in batch conditions, before useful removal percentages are observed, especially in the case of zeolites, both natural and synthetic, which can result in quite ineffective performances for the adsorption of this metal. High-adsorption performances for Pb can be observed for ZVI, cabuya fibers and natural zeolite, while results that are not competitive can be observed in the cases of limestone and synthetic zeolite.
- Cabuya fibers and natural zeolite can exhibit a neutral adsorption behavior at pH close to 7, while Ecuador limestone and ZVI could not exhibit adsorption abilities for pH values close to 8. The absence of adsorption can be observed for synthetic zeolite in alkaline conditions (pH = 9.6).
- Due to field conditions where several factors (e.g., rainwater recharge of groundwater reservoirs, redox and pH changes, organic matter occurrence, flux conditions, water-table oscillations and so on) can play a key role in the dynamics of dissolved species, our findings, obtained under controlled conditions, cannot be directly transferred to field applications. At the same time, our study demonstrates that all tested materials, both natural and synthetic, can be very effective at heavy metals removal, exhibiting a large potential for adsorption of these types of contaminant. Removal percentages stemming from our findings observed comparable and sometimes larger values than ZVI, which is the reactant usually employed for PRB remediation, highlighting the fact that these alternative media, after further field test investigations, can be considered as very competitive for the treatment of either groundwater or wastewater.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tested Materials | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabuya Fibers | Ecuador Limestone | Natural Zeolite | Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) | Synthetic Zeolite | ||
Cu | Removal % | 99.24 | 96.33 | 99.89 | 93.42 | 98.98 |
Contact time (hours) | 14 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 30 | |
Optimum pH | 5.75 | 6.18 | 6.58 | 5.04 | 7 | |
Zn | Removal % | 90.14 | 89.52 | 99.9 | 94.17 | 91.65 |
Contact time (hours) | 24 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 24 | |
Optimum pH | 6.85 | 6.67 | 6.81 | 5.87 | 7.19 | |
Cd | Removal % | 96.67 | 73.43 | 49.09 | 87.83 | 52.66 |
Contact time (hours) | 30 | 30 | 26 | 30 | 30 | |
Optimum pH | 7.26 | 7.46 | 7.75 | 4.87 | 8.01 | |
Pb | Removal % | 100 | 74.23 | 100 | 100 | 77.67 |
Contact time (hours) | 22 | 30 | 22 | 30 | 30 | |
Optimum pH | 6.45 | 7.04 | 6.78 | 4.06 | 8.16 |
Tested Material | pH |
---|---|
Cabuya fibers | 6.79 |
Natural zeolite | 6.81 |
ZVI | 8.00 |
Ecuador limestone | 8.10 |
Synthetic zeolite | 9.57 |
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Molinari, A.; Mayacela Rojas, C.M.; Beneduci, A.; Tavolaro, A.; Rivera Velasquez, M.F.; Fallico, C. Adsorption Performance Analysis of Alternative Reactive Media for Remediation of Aquifers Affected by Heavy Metal Contamination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050980
Molinari A, Mayacela Rojas CM, Beneduci A, Tavolaro A, Rivera Velasquez MF, Fallico C. Adsorption Performance Analysis of Alternative Reactive Media for Remediation of Aquifers Affected by Heavy Metal Contamination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050980
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolinari, Antonio, Celia Margarita Mayacela Rojas, Amerigo Beneduci, Adalgisa Tavolaro, Maria Fernanda Rivera Velasquez, and Carmine Fallico. 2018. "Adsorption Performance Analysis of Alternative Reactive Media for Remediation of Aquifers Affected by Heavy Metal Contamination" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050980