Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health

Troy, Karen L.; Mancuso, Megan E.; Butler, Tiffiny A.; Johnson, Joshua E.

doi:10.3390/ijerph15050878

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Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health

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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01545 USA

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(5), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050878

Received: 15 March 2018 / Revised: 20 April 2018 / Accepted: 24 April 2018 / Published: 28 April 2018

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Concepts in Women’s Bone Health)

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Abstract

In 2011 over 1.7 million people were hospitalized because of a fragility fracture, and direct costs associated with osteoporosis treatment exceeded 70 billion dollars in the United States. Failure to reach and maintain optimal peak bone mass during adulthood is a critical factor in determining fragility fracture risk later in life. Physical activity is a widely accessible, low cost, and highly modifiable contributor to bone health. Exercise is especially effective during adolescence, a time period when nearly 50% of peak adult bone mass is gained. Here, we review the evidence linking exercise and physical activity to bone health in women. Bone structure and quality will be discussed, especially in the context of clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis. We review the mechanisms governing bone metabolism in the context of physical activity and exercise. Questions such as, when during life is exercise most effective, and what specific types of exercises improve bone health, are addressed. Finally, we discuss some emerging areas of research on this topic, and summarize areas of need and opportunity. View Full-Text

Keywords: bone mineral density; areal bone mineral density; volumetric bone mineral density; quantitative computed tomography; high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography; structure; mechanical loading; bone adaptation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Troy, K.L.; Mancuso, M.E.; Butler, T.A.; Johnson, J.E. Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050878

AMA Style

Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Butler TA, Johnson JE. Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050878

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy, Karen L., Megan E. Mancuso, Tiffiny A. Butler, and Joshua E. Johnson. 2018. "Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women’s Bone Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050878

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