Annoyance Judgment and Measurements of Environmental Noise: A Focus on Italian Secondary Schools
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Project Location and Participants
2.2. Measurements of Annoyance Index
2.2.1. Noise Related Questions
2.2.2. Annoyance Index
2.3. Measurements of Noise Data
- External noise monitoring (Leq-ext); In schools in Italy, limits depend on acoustic zoning, however a limit of 55 dB (A) is recommended, when 50 dB (A) is not possible [46].
- Internal short-term measurements (Leq-int); As the internal noise level with open windows (LDAY−int) is not fixed by the regulation, this reference was set to 5 dB (A), which is less than the corresponding class for the external level (i.e., 50 dB (A) when the Leq-ext is 55 dB (A)).
- 3.
- Façade insulation: D2m,nT,w, calculated as the difference between internal and external noise measured at a distance of 2 m from the façade and corrected by reverberation time.
- 4.
- Wall insulation: R’w; A national specific decree establishes the limits for the façade isolation parameter D2m,nT,w and for the wall isolation parameter R’w. For school buildings D2m,nT,w should be more than 48 dB and R’w more than 50 dB [47].
- 5.
- Reverberation time: RT; The scientific community has set the highest value of reverberation time at RT = 0.8 s (the value is intended for medium small classes, for a complete guidance as function of volume see [47]).
- 6.
- Speech intelligibility index: STI. No limits have been fixed for STI, but a scale of reasonable values according to the international standard is available [48] and can be used to evaluate the results.
2.4. Measurement Protocol
2.5. Correlation between MAI and GNS
- ρ > |0.5| and p < 0.05, very good correlation;
- ρ < |0.5| and p < 0.05, good correlation;
- ρ < |0.5| and 0.05 < p < 0.1, borderline correlations;
- ρ < |0.5| and p ≥ 0.1, no statistically significant correlation.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question ID | Noise-Related-Questions | Variables Scale | Scale Labels |
---|---|---|---|
a | Do you think your school is noisy? | Likert-scale | 1 = not at all 2 = a little 3 = somewhat 4 = a lot 5 = very much |
b | How annoying is the noise you usually hear when you’re at school? | Likert-scale (1–5) | 1 = not at all 2 = a little 3 = somewhat 4 = a lot 5 = very much |
c1 | Is annoying noise in the area around your school causing you any problems? I cannot hear when people are speaking in the room. | Dichotomous (0–1) | 1 = yes 0 = no |
c2 | Is annoying noise in the area around your school causing you any problems? The noise distracts me. | Dichotomous (0–1) | 1 = yes 0 = no |
d | How often do you notice that there is noise? | Lykert-scale (1–5) | 1 = never 2 = seldom 3 = sometimes 4 = often 5 = always |
Index | Correlation Coefficient | a | b | c1 | c2 | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AI | ρ | 0.5739 | 0.7726 | 0.4405 | 0.5562 | 0.5996 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Factor | N | Mean ± SD | 25th p | 50th p | 75th p | 95th p | min | max | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naples | 128 | 0.49 ± 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.0027 |
Ravenna | 153 | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.76 | |
Taranto | 102 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.84 | |
Lower Valdarno Valley | 120 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 0.84 | |
<14 years | 287 | 0.49 ± 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 0.84 | 0.0001 |
14+ years | 216 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.84 | |
Female | 206 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.1158 |
Male | 297 | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.84 | |
Total | 503 | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0,68 | 0.20 | 0.84 |
Index Response | Mean ± SD | 25th p | 50th p | 75th p | 95th p | min | max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAI (range 0–1) | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 0.64 |
a (range 1–5) | 2.88 ± 0.45 | 2.50 | 2.88 | 3.18 | 3.45 | 1.94 | 3.92 |
b (range 1–5) | 2.70 ± 0.57 | 2.51 | 2.64 | 2.99 | 3.82 | 1.48 | 4.00 |
d (range 1–5) | 3.13 ± 0.43 | 2.90 | 3.07 | 3.37 | 3.91 | 2.32 | 4.14 |
c1 (%) | 15 ± 14 | 5 | 10 | 26 | 43 | 0 | 45 |
c2 (%) | 47 ± 16 | 3.4 | 46 | 63 | 69 | 16 | 70 |
Index | Mean ± SD | 25th p | 50th p | 75th p | 95th p | min | max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GNS (range 6–30) | 12.07 ± 3.38 | 10.00 | 11.00 | 13.00 | 20.00 | 7.00 | 21.00 |
Leq_ext (dB) | 60.26 ± 8.27 | 54.00 | 61.40 | 64.40 | 71.00 | 37.20 | 73.50 |
Leq_int (dB) | 47.39 ± 10.62 | 37.90 | 48.45 | 56.70 | 60.10 | 23.10 | 62.60 |
D2m,nT,w (dB) | 27.33 ± 5.65 | 24.00 | 28.00 | 31.00 | 35.00 | 15.00 | 43.00 |
R’w (dB) | 38.95 ± 8.66 | 31.00 | 42.00 | 44.00 | 49.00 | 21.00 | 49.00 |
RT (s) | 1.91 ± 0.50 | 1.58 | 1.92 | 2.36 | 2.84 | 0.88 | 2.88 |
STI (s) | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.68 |
Index | MAI (Range 0–1) | a—“Do You Think Your School Is Noisy?” (Range 1–5) | b—“How Annoying Is the Noise You Usually Hear When You’re at School?” (Range 1–5) | c1—“I Cannot Hear When People Are Speaking in the Room.” (%) | c2—“The Noise Distracts Me.” (%) | d—“How Often Do You Notice That There Is Noise?” (Range 1–5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GNS (range 6–30) | −0.572 0.0015 | −0.425 0.0241 | −0.4045 0.0327 | −0.292 0.1311 | −0.2098 0.2838 | −0.4276 0.0232 |
Leq_ext (dB) | 0.6113 0.0005 | 0.4507 0.0161 | 0.6051 0.0006 | 0.3357 0.0807 | 0.1446 0.4628 | 0.5883 0.001 |
Leq_int (dB) | 0.6051 0.0006 | 0.5298 0.0037 | 0.437 0.02 | 0.3723 0.0511 | 0.0657 0.7399 | 0.3731 0.0505 |
D2m,nT,w (dB) | 0.0912 0.6443 | 0.0432 0.8274 | 0.2555 0.1895 | 0.0276 0.8891 | 0.0554 0.7796 | 0.1491 0.4488 |
R’w (dB) | 0.1715 0.3829 | 0.2542 0.1918 | 0.1513 0.4422 | −0.0338 0.8644 | −0.1674 0.3945 | 0.1108 0.5745 |
RT (s) | 0.5122 0.0053 | 0.4031 0.0334 | 0.4201 0.026 | 0.3018 0.1186 | 0.0568 0.7741 | 0.465 0.0127 |
STI (s) | −0.3303 0.086 | −0.1465 0.4568 | −0.228 0.2423 | −0.2759 0.1553 | −0.0882 0.6552 | −0.3651 0.0561 |
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Minichilli, F.; Gorini, F.; Ascari, E.; Bianchi, F.; Coi, A.; Fredianelli, L.; Licitra, G.; Manzoli, F.; Mezzasalma, L.; Cori, L. Annoyance Judgment and Measurements of Environmental Noise: A Focus on Italian Secondary Schools. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020208
Minichilli F, Gorini F, Ascari E, Bianchi F, Coi A, Fredianelli L, Licitra G, Manzoli F, Mezzasalma L, Cori L. Annoyance Judgment and Measurements of Environmental Noise: A Focus on Italian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020208
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinichilli, Fabrizio, Francesca Gorini, Elena Ascari, Fabrizio Bianchi, Alessio Coi, Luca Fredianelli, Gaetano Licitra, Federica Manzoli, Lorena Mezzasalma, and Liliana Cori. 2018. "Annoyance Judgment and Measurements of Environmental Noise: A Focus on Italian Secondary Schools" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020208