Association of Exposure to Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Acidic Gases with Incidence of Nephrotic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Sampled Participants
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 161,970 | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Men | 70,948 | 43.8 |
Women | 91,022 | 56.2 | |
Age, years | mean, SD | 40.5 | 14.6 |
Urbanization level | 1 (highest) | 55,898 | 34.5 |
2 | 52,644 | 32.5 | |
3 | 27,407 | 16.9 | |
4 (lowest) | 26,020 | 16.1 | |
Exposure of air pollutants | |||
SO2 level (daily average, ppb) | mean, SD | 4.98 | 2.41 |
Min | 0.44 | ||
Lower quartile | 3.38 | ||
Median | 4.32 | ||
Upper quartile | 6.03 | ||
90th percentile | 8.68 | ||
Maximum | 14.1 | ||
NOx level (daily average, ppb) | mean, SD | 36.3 | 35.1 |
Min | 1.65 | ||
Lower quartile | 23.4 | ||
Median | 32.0 | ||
Upper quartile | 38.6 | ||
90th percentile | 54.8 | ||
Maximum | 426.7 | ||
NO level (daily average, ppb) | mean, SD | 11.0 | 10.2 |
Min | 0.32 | ||
Lower quartile | 5.16 | ||
Median | 8.58 | ||
Upper quartile | 11.5 | ||
90th percentile | 24.1 | ||
Maximum | 60.4 | ||
NO2 level (daily average, ppb) | mean, SD | 22.6 | 6.57 |
Min | 0.85 | ||
Lower quartile | 18.2 | ||
Median | 23.7 | ||
Upper quartile | 24.5 | ||
90th percentile | 30.6 | ||
Maximum | 38.6 | ||
PM2.5 level (daily average, μg/m3) | mean, SD | 34.8 | 8.76 |
Min | 1.00 | ||
Lower quartile | 29.5 | ||
Median | 33.3 | ||
Upper quartile | 41.2 | ||
90th percentile | 47.7 | ||
Maximum | 113.2 | ||
Outcome | |||
Nephrotic syndrome | Yes | 776 | 0.48 |
Follow-up time, years | mean, SD | 11.7 | 0.99 |
Air Pollutant Concentration | Quartile 1 (Q1) (lowest) | Quartile 2 (Q2) | Quartile 3 (Q3) | Quartile 4 (Q4) (highest) | * p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 161,970 | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Urbanization level | |||||||||
1 (highest) | 12,662 | (29.9) | 13,928 | (36.4) | 19,315 | (41.6) | 9993 | (28.6) | |
2 | 13,428 | (31.7) | 11,114 | (29.1) | 13,820 | (29.8) | 14,282 | (40.8) | |
3 | 4829 | (11.4) | 5479 | (14.3) | 8887 | (19.2) | 8212 | (23.5) | |
4 (lowest) | 11,411 | (27.0) | 7721 | (20.2) | 4389 | (9.46) | 2499 | (7.14) | |
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Urbanization level | |||||||||
1 (highest) | 8667 | (22.4) | 10,836 | (25.2) | 10,950 | (32.5) | 25,445 | (54.6) | |
2 | 13,095 | (33.9) | 15,717 | (36.5) | 12,480 | (37.0) | 11,352 | (24.4) | |
3 | 4777 | (12.4) | 8540 | (19.9) | 7358 | (21.8) | 6732 | (14.5) | |
4 (lowest) | 12,101 | (31.3) | 7932 | (18.4) | 2934 | (8.70) | 3053 | (6.55) | |
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Urbanization level | |||||||||
1 (highest) | 8329 | (21.0) | 9967 | (24.3) | 16,250 | (45.0) | 21,352 | (47.4) | |
2 | 13,887 | (35.0) | 13,634 | (33.2) | 11,368 | (31.5) | 13,755 | (30.5) | |
3 | 4255 | (10.7) | 10,186 | (24.8) | 5471 | (15.2) | 7495 | (16.6) | |
4 (lowest) | 13,244 | (33.4) | 7261 | (17.7) | 3035 | (8.40) | 2480 | (5.50) | |
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Urbanization level | |||||||||
1 (highest) | 8313 | (23.1) | 11,056 | (23.4) | 21,609 | (45.0) | 14,920 | (48.7) | |
2 | 10,953 | (30.4) | 18,620 | (39.4) | 14,202 | (29.6) | 8869 | (29.0) | |
3 | 5454 | (15.1) | 7740 | (16.4) | 9075 | (18.9) | 5138 | (16.8) | |
4 (lowest) | 11,308 | (31.4) | 9850 | (20.8) | 3152 | (6.56) | 1710 | (5.58) | |
Particulate matter (PM2.5) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Urbanization level | |||||||||
1 (highest) | 22,062 | (47.4) | 14,301 | (40.2) | 10,754 | (27.5) | 8781 | (21.6) | |
2 | 13,032 | (28.0) | 10,350 | (29.1) | 13,593 | (34.7) | 15,669 | (38.5) | |
3 | 5443 | (11.7) | 6153 | (17.3) | 5749 | (14.7) | 10,062 | (24.7) | |
4 (lowest) | 6054 | (13.0) | 4733 | (13.3) | 9063 | (23.1) | 6170 | (15.2) |
Pollutant Levels | N | Event | PY | IR | cHR | 95%CI | aHR | 95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 1 | ||||||||
Q1 | 42,331 | 184 | 493,552 | 3.73 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 38,242 | 129 | 448,116 | 2.88 | 0.77 | (0.62, 0.97) | 0.80 | (0.64, 1.00) |
Q3 | 46,411 | 179 | 543,975 | 3.29 | 0.88 | (0.72, 1.08) | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) |
Q4 | 34,986 | 284 | 407,059 | 6.98 | 1.87 | (1.56,2.25) *** | 2.00 | (1.66, 2.41) *** |
NOx 2 | ||||||||
Q1 | 38,640 | 126 | 451,937 | 2.79 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 43,026 | 207 | 503,906 | 4.11 | 1.47 | (1.18, 1.84) *** | 1.32 | (1.00, 1.73) * |
Q3 | 33,722 | 154 | 395,166 | 3.90 | 1.40 | (1.10, 1.77) ** | 1.15 | (0.79, 1.68) |
Q4 | 46,582 | 289 | 541,693 | 5.34 | 1.91 | (1.55, 2.36) *** | 1.41 | (0.89, 2.22) |
NO 3 | ||||||||
Q1 | 39,715 | 127 | 465,107 | 2.73 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 41,048 | 201 | 480,251 | 4.19 | 1.66 | (1.33, 2.07) *** | 1.34 | (1.02, 1.77) * |
Q3 | 36,125 | 151 | 423,750 | 3.56 | 1.64 | (1.28, 2.09) *** | 1.12 | (0.76, 1.64) |
Q4 | 45,082 | 297 | 523,594 | 5.67 | 2.49 | (2.01, 3.09) *** | 1.47 | (0.92, 2.35) |
NO2 4 | ||||||||
Q1 | 36,028 | 127 | 421,548 | 3.01 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 47,267 | 228 | 553,336 | 4.12 | 1.37 | (1.10, 1.70) ** | 1.23 | (0.94, 1.61) |
Q3 | 48,038 | 208 | 563,416 | 3.69 | 1.23 | (0.98, 1.53) | 1.02 | (0.69, 1.51) |
Q4 | 30,637 | 213 | 354,402 | 6.01 | 2.00 | (1.61, 2.49) *** | 1.35 | (0.78, 2.33) |
PM2.5 5 | ||||||||
Q1 | 46,591 | 129 | 545,526 | 2.36 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 35,537 | 126 | 416,539 | 3.02 | 1.28 | (1.00, 1.64) * | 1.33 | (0.91, 1.93) |
Q3 | 39,160 | 212 | 457,761 | 4.63 | 1.96 | (1.57, 2.44) *** | 1.96 | (1.08, 3.55) * |
Q4 | 40,682 | 309 | 472,877 | 6.53 | 2.77 | (2.26, 3.40) *** | 2.53 | (1.08, 5.94) * |
cHR | 95%CI | aHR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | ||||
Follow-up period ≤ 6 | ||||
Q1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 0.63 | (0.38, 1.03) | 0.73 | (0.36, 1.44) |
Q3 | 1.19 | (0.80, 1.78) | 1.53 | (0.55, 4.22) |
Q4 | 3.31 | (2.38, 4.59) *** | 4.23 | (1.02, 17.6) * |
Follow-up period > 6 | ||||
Q1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Q2 | 1.67 | (1.25, 2.23) *** | 1.65 | (1.04, 2.61) * |
Q3 | 2.42 | (1.85, 3.15) *** | 2.16 | (1.02, 4.55) * |
Q4 | 2.45 | (1.88, 3.19) *** | 1.93 | (0.66, 5.68) |
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Lin, S.-Y.; Hsu, W.-H.; Lin, C.-L.; Lin, C.-C.; Lin, C.-H.; Wang, I.-K.; Hsu, C.-Y.; Kao, C.-H. Association of Exposure to Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Acidic Gases with Incidence of Nephrotic Syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122860
Lin S-Y, Hsu W-H, Lin C-L, Lin C-C, Lin C-H, Wang I-K, Hsu C-Y, Kao C-H. Association of Exposure to Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Acidic Gases with Incidence of Nephrotic Syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122860
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Shih-Yi, Wu-Huei Hsu, Cheng-Li Lin, Cheng-Chieh Lin, Chih-Hsueh Lin, I-Kuan Wang, Chung-Y. Hsu, and Chia-Hung Kao. 2018. "Association of Exposure to Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Acidic Gases with Incidence of Nephrotic Syndrome" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122860