Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Spatial Modeling of PM2.5 Distribution
2.4. Spatial Correlation between PM2.5 Distribution and Land Use Types
2.5. Potential Impact of PM2.5 Distribution in Hangzhou
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Relationship between AOT and the PM2.5 Concentration
3.2. The Spatiotemporal Distribution in PM2.5
3.3. Correlation Analysis between Land Use and the Spatial Distribution of PM2.5 Concentration
3.4. Population Group Exposure under the Roof of the PM2.5
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level of Stability | Extremely Unstable | Moderately Unstable | Slightly Unstable | Neutral | Moderately Stable | Stable |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | 0.056 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.012 | 1.660 | 0.700 |
Shangcheng | Xiacheng | Jianggan | Xihu | Gongshu | Binjiang | Yuhang | Xiaoshan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Max | 51.69 | 58.70 | 57.11 | 58.97 | 59.49 | 54.13 | 61.18 | 68.54 |
Min | 47.67 | 49.04 | 45.38 | 46.53 | 48.84 | 48.26 | 23.48 | 41.07 | |
Mean | 50.32 | 54.10 | 52.21 | 51.94 | 53.87 | 51.26 | 47.65 | 51.80 | |
Std | 0.94 | 3.06 | 2.77 | 2.64 | 2.54 | 0.92 | 10.29 | 4.61 | |
Summer | Max | 28.14 | 31.95 | 32.78 | 34.94 | 31.76 | 29.30 | 33.03 | 35.95 |
Min | 24.28 | 26.79 | 22.37 | 23.89 | 23.40 | 23.34 | 10.84 | 16.69 | |
Mean | 25.87 | 29.73 | 27.11 | 28.43 | 27.38 | 25.49 | 23.31 | 24.96 | |
Std | 1.02 | 1.13 | 2.29 | 2.27 | 2.26 | 1.33 | 5.36 | 3.50 | |
Autumn | Max | 45.88 | 46.51 | 47.77 | 45.85 | 45.63 | 46.06 | 50.95 | 59.63 |
Min | 41.76 | 43.76 | 41.09 | 40.16 | 42.51 | 43.41 | 24.83 | 40.80 | |
Mean | 44.12 | 45.27 | 44.14 | 43.35 | 43.96 | 44.49 | 39.41 | 47.33 | |
Std | 1.03 | 0.67 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 6.30 | 3.40 | |
Winter | Max | 57.09 | 64.74 | 64.43 | 65.57 | 65.42 | 59.97 | 66.47 | 67.97 |
Min | 53.03 | 54.21 | 46.90 | 48.26 | 53.83 | 51.70 | 44.06 | 44.06 | |
Mean | 54.67 | 60.19 | 54.67 | 55.14 | 61.08 | 54.82 | 54.63 | 54.63 | |
Std | 1.06 | 2.86 | 4.49 | 2.61 | 3.86 | 1.61 | 8.56 | 5.60 |
Land Use Type | PM2.5 Class (µg m−3) | Spring (%) | Summer (%) | Autumn (%) | Winter (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grassland | <35 | 0.07 | 4.59 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
Cultivated area | <35 | 0.13 | 11.52 | 0.25 | 0.16 |
Built-up area | <35 | 0.17 | 2.51 | 0.26 | 0.25 |
Traffic area | <35 | 0.05 | 4.92 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Forest | <35 | 3.49 | 23.39 | 3.93 | 4.35 |
Water | <35 | 0.03 | 12.21 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Orchard | <35 | 0.22 | 10.87 | 0.45 | 0.30 |
Grassland | 35–50 | 1.84 | 0.40 | 3.03 | 1.57 |
Cultivated area | 35–50 | 5.27 | 0.59 | 6.35 | 5.23 |
Built-up area | 35–50 | 6.74 | 24.12 | 14.35 | 5.73 |
Traffic area | 35–50 | 1.41 | 0.55 | 3.11 | 1.38 |
Forest | 35–50 | 13.76 | 2.82 | 15.49 | 14.81 |
Water | 35–50 | 6.32 | 0.60 | 7.39 | 3.12 |
Orchard | 35–50 | 3.89 | 0.92 | 4.66 | 3.00 |
Grassland | >50 | 3.09 | 0 | 1.84 | 3.33 |
Cultivated area | >50 | 6.71 | 0 | 5.51 | 6.71 |
Built-up area | >50 | 19.72 | 0 | 12.02 | 20.65 |
Traffic area | >50 | 4.02 | 0 | 2.29 | 4.02 |
Forest | >50 | 8.95 | 0 | 6.78 | 7.03 |
Water | >50 | 6.46 | 0 | 5.32 | 9.64 |
Orchard | >50 | 7.67 | 0 | 6.68 | 8.48 |
PM2.5 (µg m−3) | Kindergarten | Primary School | Middle School |
---|---|---|---|
<35 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
35–50 | 325 | 147 | 123 |
>50 | 294 | 111 | 71 |
Total School | 623 | 265 | 196 |
Total population | 239,459 | 389,260 | 217,959 |
Mean (Pop/School) | 384 | 1469 | 1118 |
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Tian, L.; Hou, W.; Chen, J.; Chen, C.; Pan, X. Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102192
Tian L, Hou W, Chen J, Chen C, Pan X. Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102192
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Li, Wei Hou, Jiquan Chen, Chaonan Chen, and Xiaojun Pan. 2018. "Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102192