Misperception of Oral Health among Adults in Rural Areas: A Fundamental but Neglected Issue in Primary Healthcare
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants and Setting
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Self-Perception of Oral Health.
2.4.2. Oral Health Status
2.4.3. Oral Health-Related Behaviors
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Factors Associated with Self-Perception of Oral Health Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Oral Health. 2018. Available online: http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/factsheet/en/ (accessed on 1 September 2018).
- Huang, J.C.; Peng, Y.S.; Fan, J.Y.; Jane, S.W.; Tu, L.T.; Chang, C.C.; Chen, M.Y. Factors associated with numbers of remaining teeth among type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Nurs. 2013, 22, 1926–1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwahn, C.; Polzer, I.; Haring, R.; Dorr, M.; Wallaschofski, H.; Kocher, T. Missing, unreplaced teeth and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013, 167, 1430–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, S.J.; Lin, M.S.; Jane, S.W.; Tu, L.T.; Chen, M.Y. Factors associated with remaining 20 nature teeth in Taiwan: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2015, 15, 158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ando, A.; Ohsawa, M.; Yaegashi, Y.; Sakata, K.; Tanno, K.; Onoda, T.; Okayama, A. Factors related to tooth loss among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 23, 301–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Danckert, R.; Ryan, A.; Plummer, V.; Williams, C. Hospitalization impacts on oral hygiene: An audit of oral hygiene in a metropolitan health service. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 2016, 30, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morse, D.E.; Avlund, K.; Christensen, L.B.; Fiehn, N.E.; Molbo, D.; Holmstrup, P. Smoking and drinking as risk indicators for tooth loss in middle-aged Danes. J. Aging Health 2014, 26, 54–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/. (accessed on 25 August 2018).
- Gurav, A.N. The association of periodontitis and metabolic syndrome. Dent. Res. J. 2014, 11, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.Y.; Kim, J.E.; Kim, H.N.; Jun, E.J.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.S.; Kim, J.B. Association of self-perceived oral health and function with clinically determined oral health status among adults aged 35–54 years: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halm, M.A.; Armola, R. Effect of oral care on bacterial colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am. J. Crit. Care 2009, 18, 275–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Dental Association. Learn more about Toothbrushes. Available online: http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/toothbrushes (accessed on 1 September 2018).
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Cavities, Gum Disease, Tooth Loss, and Oral Cancers. Available online: www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/oral-health.htm (accessed on 6 September 2018).
- Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Oral Health Act. Available online: http://www.hpa.gov.tw/English/Search.aspx?KeyWord=oral%20health&Subject=all. (accessed on 10 March 2018).
- Coker, E.; Ploeg, J.; Kaasalainen, S.; Carter, N. Nurses’ oral hygiene care practices with hospitalised older adults in postacute settings. Int. J. Older People Nurs. 2017, 12, e12124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Daly, B.; Smith, K. Promoting good dental health in older people: Role of the community nurse. Br. J. Community Nurs. 2015, 20, 431–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Furr, L.A.; Binkleym, C.; McCurren, C. Factors affecting quality of oral care in intensive care units. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004, 48, 454–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yamanaka, K.; Nakagaki, H.; Morita, I.; Suzaki, H.; Hashimoto, M.; Sakai, T. Comparison of the health condition between the 8020 achievers and the 8020 non-achievers. Int. Dent. J. 2008, 58, 146–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coleman, P. Opportunities for nursing-dental collaboration: Addressing oral health needs among the elderly. Nurs. Outlook 2005, 53, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Preventing Health Care-Associated Pneumonia. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5303a1.htm (accessed on 1 September 2018).
- Chipps, E.M.; Carr, M.; Kearney, R.; MacDermott, J.; Von Visger, T.; Calvitti, K.; Landers, T. Outcomes of an oral care protocol in postmechanically ventilated patients. Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs. 2016, 13, 102–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chipps, E.; Gatens, C.; Genter, L.; Musto, M.; Dubis-Bohn, A.; Gliemmo, M.; Landers, T. Pilot study of an oral care protocol on poststroke survivors. Rehabil. Nurs. 2014, 39, 294–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schildwachter, E.; Deborah, M.; Hebert, C.; Leatherwood, L. Academic-practice partnerships to promote evidence-based practice in long-term care: Oral hygiene care practices as an exemplar. Nurs. Outlook 2007, 55, 5–105. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, M.; Chiu, W.N.; Chen, P.H.; Chen, M.Y. Evidence of specific healthy behaviors positively associated with general life satisfaction among rural adults. Open J. Prev. Med. 2016, 6, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, K.J.; Yen, Y.Y.; Lan, S.J.; Wu, Y.M.; Lee, H.E. Impact of oral health behaviours and oral habits on the number of remaining teeth in older Taiwanese dentate adults. Oral Health Prev. Dent. 2013, 11, 121–130. [Google Scholar]
- Disch, J. Are we evidence-based when we like the evidence? Nurs. Outlook 2012, 60, 3–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variables | Perception of Oral Health Status | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Feel Bad | Feel Good | |||
N (%) | X2 | p | ||
Gender | ||||
Female | 158 (54.7) | 354 (51.8) | 0.69 | 0.405 |
Male | 131 (45.3) | 330 (48.2) | ||
Age (years) | Range 20–64 Mean (SD) = 42.8 (12.3) | |||
≤40 | 105 (36.3) | 364 (53.2) | 23.20 | <0.001 |
≥41 | 184 (63.7) | 320 (46.8) | ||
Educational level | ||||
≤High school | 224 (77.5) | 407 (59.5) | 28.90 | <0.001 |
≥College and above | 65 (22.5) | 277 (40.5) | ||
Number of remaining teeth | Range 0–32 Mean (SD) = 25.2 (7.2) | |||
≤24 | 150 (51.9) | 147 (21.5) | 88.60 | <0.001 |
≥25 | 139 (48.1) | 537 (78.5) | ||
Brushing teeth after meal | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 218 (75.4) | 484 (70.8) | 2.21 | 0.137 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 71 (24.6) | 200 (29.2) | ||
Using dental floss every day | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 169 (58.5) | 357 (52.2) | 3.23 | 0.072 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 120 (41.5) | 327 (47.8) | ||
Regular dental check-ups/scaling | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 206 (71.3) | 415 (60.7) | 9.90 | 0.002 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 83 (28.7) | 269 (39.3) | ||
Water intake (1500 mL/per day) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 115 (39.8) | 208 (30.4) | 8.07 | 0.005 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 174 (60.2) | 476 (69.6) | ||
Vegetable (3 servings) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 110 (38.1) | 194 (28.4) | 8.90 | 0.003 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 179 (61.9) | 490 (71.6) | ||
Fruit (2 servings) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 136 (47.1) | 256 (37.4) | 7.84 | 0.005 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 153 (52.9) | 428 (62.6) | ||
Smoking/betel nut chewing | ||||
Current or former users | 100 (34.6) | 167 (24.4) | 10.59 | 0.001 |
Non users | 189 (65.4) | 517 (75.6) | ||
Toothache within 6 month | 60.97 | <0.001 | ||
No | 153 (52.9) | 533 (77.9) | ||
Yes | 136 (47.1) | 151 (22.1) | ||
Reasons to visit dentist during the past 1 year | 31.75 | <0.001 | ||
Dental check-ups | 51 (17.6) | 239 (34.9) | ||
Oral discomfort | 231 (79.9) | 420 (61.4) | ||
Others (cosmetic) | 7 (2.4) | 25 (3.7) | ||
Receiving oral hygiene education | ||||
No | 180 (62.3) | 361 (52.8) | 7.44 | 0.006 |
Yes | 109 (37.7) | 323 (47.2) |
Variables | Toothache within 6 Months | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
N (%) | N (%) | X2 | p | |
Number of remaining teeth | ||||
≤24 | 196 (28.6) | 101 (35.2) | 4.18 | 0.041 |
≥25 | 490 (71.4) | 186 (64.8) | ||
The reasons to visit dentist | ||||
Dental check-ups/scaling | 222 (32.4) | 68 (23.7) | 15.58 | <0.001 |
Oral discomfort | 435 (63.4) | 216 (75.3) | ||
Others (cosmetic) | 29 (4.2) | 3 (1.0) | ||
Brushing teeth after meal/twice per day | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 500 (72.9) | 202 (70.4) | 0.63 | 0.427 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 186 (27.1) | 85 (29.6) | ||
Using dental floss every day | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 373 (54.4) | 153 (53.3) | 0.09 | 0.762 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 313 (45.6) | 134 (46.7) | ||
Regular dental check-ups (1/2-1 year) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 447 (65.2) | 174 (60.6) | 1.80 | 0.180 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 239 (34.8) | 113 (39.4) | ||
Receiving oral hygiene education | ||||
No | 386 (56.3) | 155 (54.0) | 0.42 | 0.517 |
Yes | 300 (43.7) | 132 (46.0) | ||
Water intake (1500 mL/per day) | ||||
Infrequent | 207 (30.2) | 116 (40.4) | 9.57 | 0.002 |
Frequent | 479 (69.8) | 171 (59.6) | ||
Vegetable (3 servings/per day) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom r) | 197 (28.7) | 107 (37.3) | 6.91 | 0.009 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 489 (71.3) | 180 (62.7) | ||
Fruit (2 servings/per day) | ||||
Infrequent (never/seldom) | 260 (37.9) | 132 (46.0) | 5.51 | 0.019 |
Frequent (usually/always) | 426 (62.1) | 155 (54.0) | ||
Smoking/betel nut chewing | ||||
Non users | 504 (73.5) | 202 (70.4) | 0.96 | 0.325 |
Current users or formerly | 182 (26.5) | 85 (29.6) |
Variables | B | S.E. | Odds Ratio | p | 95% CI * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of remaining teeth (1 ≥ 25) | 1.11 | 0.15 | 3.03 | <0.001 | 2.28–4.03 |
Age (per year) | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.98–0.99 |
Dental check-ups/scaling (1 = Regular) | 0.61 | 0.13 | 1.81 | <0.001 | 1.31–2.410 |
Educational level (1 = high) | 0.37 | 0.18 | 1.45 | 0.035 | 1.03–2.04 |
Water intake 1500 mL/day (1 = often) | 0.32 | 0.16 | 1.38 | 0.047 | 1.01–1.89 |
Variables | B | S.E. | Odds Ratio | p | 95% CI * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | |||||
Number of remaining teeth (1 ≥ 25) | 1.23 | 0.20 | 3.42 | <0.001 | 2.32–5.04 |
Age (per year) | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.002 | 0.98–0.99 |
Dental check-ups/scaling (1 = Regular) | 0.69 | 0.19 | 1.99 | 0.001 | 1.33–2.99 |
Male | |||||
Number of remaining teeth (1 ≥ 25) | 1.05 | 0.22 | 2.86 | <0.001 | 1.87–4.38 |
Smoking/betel nut chewing (1 = yes) | −0.67 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.004 | 0.33–0.81 |
Toothache within 6 month (1 = no) | 1.02 | 0.16 | 2.77 | <0.001 | 2.02–3.82 |
© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, M.-Y. Misperception of Oral Health among Adults in Rural Areas: A Fundamental but Neglected Issue in Primary Healthcare. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102187
Chen M-Y. Misperception of Oral Health among Adults in Rural Areas: A Fundamental but Neglected Issue in Primary Healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102187
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Mei-Yen. 2018. "Misperception of Oral Health among Adults in Rural Areas: A Fundamental but Neglected Issue in Primary Healthcare" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102187