Lack of Association of Coffee Consumption with the Prevalence of Self-Reported Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Definition of Type 2 Diabetes
2.6. Definition of Use of Substances
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
3.3. Coffee Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Sample n (%) | With Diabetes | Without Diabetes | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 597 (46.80) | 69 (43.10) | 528 (47.30) | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 0.32 |
Female | 680 (53.20) | 91 (56.90) | 589 (52.70) | |||
Marital Status | Married | 690 (54.00) | 100 (62.50) | 590 (52.80) | <0.01 | |
Single | 463 (36.20) | 37 (23.10) | 426 (38.10) | |||
Widowed | 67 (5.20) | 10 (6.30) | 57 (5.10) | |||
Separated/divorced | 57 (4.50) | 13 (8.10) | 44 (3.90) | |||
Occupation | Unemployed | 38 (3.00) | 5 (3.10) | 33 (3.00) | <0.001 | |
Housewife | 370 (29.00) | 47 (29.70) | 323 (28.90) | |||
Student | 70 (5.50) | 3 (1.90) | 67 (6.00) | |||
Half-time job | 524 (41.00) | 29 (18.10) | 495 (44.30) | |||
Full-time job | 275 (21.50) | 76 (47.50) | 199 (17.80) | |||
Age (in years) | Up to 49 | 1051 (82.30) | 99 (61.90) | 952 (85.20) | 0.28 (0.19–0.40) | <0.001 |
>50 | 226 (17.70) | 61 (38.10) | 165 (14.80) | |||
Education | Up to 6 years of schooling | 807 (63.20) | 84 (52.50) | 723 (64.70) | 0.60 (0.43–0.84) | <0.01 |
>6 years of schooling | 470 (36.80) | 76 (47.50) | 394 (35.30) | |||
Body mass index | Up to 25 | 460 (36.00) | 38 (23.80) | 422 (37.80) | 0.51 (0.34–0.75) | <0.001 |
>25 | 817 (64.00) | 122 (76.30) | 695 (62.20) | |||
Use of substances | Yes | 397 (31.10) | 59 (36.90) | 338 (30.30) | 1.34 (0.95–1.90) | 0.09 |
No | 880 (68.90) | 101 (63.10) | 779 (69.70) | |||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | Up to 120 | 1073 (84.00) | 126 (78.80) | 947 (84.80) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.05 |
>120 | 204 (16.00) | 34 (21.30) | 170 (15.20) | |||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | Up to 80 mmHg | 1024 (80.20) | 123 (76.90) | 901 (80.70) | 0.79 (0.53–1.18) | 0.26 |
>80 mmHg | 253 (19.8) | 37 (23.1) | 216 (19.3) |
Coffee Consumption | No. of People n = 1277 | Prevalence of Diabetes n (%) | Without Diabetes n (%) | OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI), p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nondaily | 290 (22.70) | 36 (12.40) | 254 (87.60) | 1.31 (0.67–2.57) | 1.20 (0.59–2.41), 0.60 |
1 cup/d | 248 (19.40) | 38 (15.30) | 210 (84.70) | 1.68 (0.86–3.28) | 1.66 (0.82–3.34), 0.15 |
2–3 cups/d | 605 (47.40) | 73 (12.10) | 532 (87.90) | 1.27 (0.68–2.37) | 1.49 (0.78–2.86), 0.22 |
≥4 cups/d | 134 (10.50) | 13 (9.70) | 121 (90.30) | Reference | Reference |
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Gil-Madrigal, A.K.; González-Castro, T.B.; Tovilla-Zárate, C.A.; Aguilar-Velázquez, D.G.; Gómez-Peralta, T.G.; Juárez-Rojop, I.E.; López-Narváez, M.L.; Carmona-Díaz, E.; Fresan, A.; Ble-Castillo, J.L.; et al. Lack of Association of Coffee Consumption with the Prevalence of Self-Reported Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102100
Gil-Madrigal AK, González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Aguilar-Velázquez DG, Gómez-Peralta TG, Juárez-Rojop IE, López-Narváez ML, Carmona-Díaz E, Fresan A, Ble-Castillo JL, et al. Lack of Association of Coffee Consumption with the Prevalence of Self-Reported Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102100
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil-Madrigal, Ana Karen, Thelma Beatriz González-Castro, Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate, Daniela Georgina Aguilar-Velázquez, Tania Guadalupe Gómez-Peralta, Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop, María Lilia López-Narváez, Elizabeth Carmona-Díaz, Ana Fresan, Jorge Luis Ble-Castillo, and et al. 2018. "Lack of Association of Coffee Consumption with the Prevalence of Self-Reported Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102100