Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects, Eye Examinations and Definitions
2.2. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Distribution of Distance Visual Acuity and Refractive Errors
3.3. Multiple Logistic Regression Modeling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Visual Acuity Category | Right Eyes n (%; 95% CI) | Left Eyes n (%; 95% CI) | Both Eyes n (%; 95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
≥20/40 | 842 (76.0%; 73.5.5–78.6) | 846 (76.4%; 73.9–78.9) | 803 (72.5%; 69.9–75.1) | |
>20/200 <20/40 | 209 (18.9%; 16.6–21.2) | 202 (18.3%; 16.0–20.5) | 224 (20.2%; 17.8–22.6) † | |
≤20/200 | 56 (5.1%; 3.8–6.3) | 59 (5.3%; 4.0–6.6) | 80 (7.3%; 5.7–8.7) † | |
All | 1107 (100%) | 1107 (100%) | 1107 (100%) | |
35–59 Years | ≥60 Years | |||
≥20/40 | 397 (76.4%; 72.7–80.0) | 406 (69.2%; 65.4–72.9) | ||
>20/200 <20/40 | 88 (16.9%; 13.7–20.1) † | 136 (23.2%; 19.7–26.6) † | ||
≤20/200 | 35 (6.7%; 4.6–8.9) † | 45 (7.6%; 5.5–9.8) † | ||
all | 520 (100%) | 587 (100%) | ||
χ2 test p < 0.001 | ||||
Men | Women | |||
≥20/40 | 358 (77.0%; 73.2–80.8) | 445 (69.3%; 65.7–72.9) | ||
>20/200 <20/40 | 76 (16.3%; 13.0–19.7) † | 148 (23.1%; 19.8–26.3) † | ||
≤20/200 | 31 (6.7%; 4.4–8.9) † | 49 (7.6%; 5.6–9.7) † | ||
all | 465 (100%) | 642 (100%) | ||
χ2 test, p = 0.01 |
Refractive Error | 35–59 Years (n; %; 95% CI) | ≥60 Years (n; %; 95% CI) | Men (n; %; 95% CI) | Women (n; %: 95% CI) | Totally (n; %; 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emmetropia (>−0.5 D, <+0.5 D, SE) | 214 (42.7%; 38.4–47.0) | 62 (12.5%; 9.6–15.4) | 142 (34.2%; 29.6–38.8) | 134 (23.0%; 19.6–26.4) | 276 (27.6%; 24.9–30.4) |
Myopia (≤−0.5 D, SE) | 144 (28.7%; 24.8–32.7) | 96 (19.3%; 15.8–22.8) | 90 (21.7%; 17.7–25.6) | 150 (25.7%; 22.2–29.3) | 240 (24.1%; 21.4–26.7) † |
Hyperopia (≥+0.5 D, SE) | 109 (21.8%; 18.1–25.4) | 265 (53.3%; 48.9–57.7) | 129 (31.1%; 26.6–35.5) | 245 (42.0%; 38.0–46.0) | 374 (37.5%; 34.5–40.5) † |
Astigmatism (≥0.5 D, Cyl) | 34 (6.8%; 4.6–9.0) | 74 (14.9%; 11.8–18.0) | 54 (13.0%; 9.8–16.2) | 54 (9.3%; 6.9–11.6) | 108 (10.8%; 8.9–12.7) † |
All | 501 (100%) | 497 (100%) | 415 (100%) | 583 (100%) | 998 (100%) |
Variables | Myopia ≤ 0.5 D | Hyperopia ≥ 0.5 D |
---|---|---|
OR, 95% CI, p Value | OR, 95% CI, p Value | |
Age, per year increase | 0.98 (0.96–1.00); p = 0.023 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04); p = 0.046 |
Women vs. men | 1.87 (1.18–2.95); p = 0.007 | 2.16 (1.38–3.38); p = 0.001 |
Any cataract | 2.40 (1.24–4.63); p = 0.009 | 1.68 (0.96–2.96); p = 0.070 |
Glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) | 0.36 (0.11–1.19); p = 0.094 | 0.52 (0.22–1.23); p = 0.136 |
Socioeconomic status | 1.21 (0.35–4.14); p = 0.766 | 1.87 (0.62–5.63); p = 0.264 |
Epidemiological Study | Sampling Technique | Age Group (Years) | Myopia (%) | Hyperopia (%) | Astigmatism (%) | Anisometropia (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Beaver Dam Eye Study (USA) [22] † | a door to door census | ≥43 | 26.2 | 49.0 | NA | NA |
The Blue Mountains Eye Study (Australia) [20] † | a door to door census | ≥49 | 15.5 | 56.6 | NA | NA |
The Tajimi Study (Japan) [15] † | random sampling | ≥40 | 41.8 | 27.9 | 54.0 | 15.1 |
The Gutenberg Health Study (Germany) [7] † | random sampling | ≥35 | 35.1 | 32.8 | 32.3 | 13.5 |
The Barbados Eye Study (Barbados) [9] † | random sampling | ≥40 | 21.9 | 46.9 | NA | NA |
The Singapore Indian Eye Study (Singapore) [12] † | age-stratified random sampling | ≥40 | 28.0 | 35.9 | 54.9 | 9.8 |
The Segovia Study (Spain) [11] ‡ | age-stratified random sampling | ≥40 | 25.4 | 43.6 | 53.5 | 12.3 |
The Yazd Eye Study (Iran) [18] ‡ | multistage random cluster sampling | ≥40 | 36.5 | 20.6 | 53.8 | 11.9 |
Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (South Korea) [19] § | multistage stratified cluster random sampling | ≥20 | 48.1 | 24.2 | 34.0 | NA |
The Nigerian National Blindness and Visual Impairment Study (Nigeria) [33] † | multistage stratified cluster random sampling | ≥40 | 16.2 | 50.7 | 63.5 | NA |
The National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh (Bangladesh) [34] † | cluster sampling and a door to door enumeration | ≥30 | 22.1 | 20.6 | 32.4 | 7.5 |
The Shihpai Eye Study (Taiwan) [17] † | random sampling and a door to door enumeration | ≥65 | 19.4 | 59.0 | 74.0 | 21.8 |
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Nowak, M.S.; Jurowski, P.; Grzybowski, A.; Smigielski, J. Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010090
Nowak MS, Jurowski P, Grzybowski A, Smigielski J. Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010090
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowak, Michal S., Piotr Jurowski, Andrzej Grzybowski, and Janusz Smigielski. 2018. "Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010090