Association between Blood Pressure and Birth Weight among Rural South African Children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Anthropometry
2.2. Blood Pressure
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Quality Control
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 5–7 Years | 8–10 Years | 11–15 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
Males (N = 38) | Females (N = 27) | Males (N = 138) | Females (N = 117) | Males (N = 102) | Females (N = 76) | |
Birth Information | ||||||
Length (cm) | 49.11 (5.32) | 47.94 (3.97) | 50.20 (5.78) | 50.13 (7.08) | 49.56 (5.45) | 50.30 (5.58) |
Head circumference (cm) | 34.40 (3.00) | 37.00 (10.62) | 34.64 (5.52) | 35.21 (4.40) | 34.23 (5.85) | 34.85 (9.26) |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.13 (0.44) | 3.17 (0.44) | 3.18 (0.55) | 3.15 (0.61) | 3.23 (0.61) | 3.15 (0.47) |
Gestational age | 38.00 (1.39) | 37.77 (1.52) | 37.42 (3.80) | 37.10 (4.17) | 37.20 (4.17) | 38.08 (1.38) |
Blood Pressure | ||||||
Systolic mmHg | 98.37 (10.06) | 99.90 (9.35) | 99.13 (11.10) | 100.97 (11.6) | 98.69 (11.06) | 99.26 (10.49) |
Diastolic mmHg | 64.29 (7.85) | 66.55 (7.28) | 66.02 (8.10) | 67.34 (8.27) | 66.39 (8.49) | 66.11 (9.08) |
mean mmHg | 75.65 (7.37) | 77.67 (6.91) | 77.06 (8.88) | 78.55 (8.22) | 77.16 (8.41) | 77.16 (8.70) |
Absolute Body Size | ||||||
Body weight (kg) | 20.89 (2.18) | 21.07 (3.62) | 25.75 (3.63) | 25.36 (4.08) | 32.08 (5.07) * | 34.17 (6.51) * |
Height (cm) | 122.64 (5.34) | 23.24 (6.42) | 133.46 (7.11) | 33.51 (6.55) | 145.08 (6.74) * | 148.05 (6.59) * |
Triceps (mm) | 6.99 (1.32) | 6.77 (1.20) | 9.12 (3.19) | 8.80 (2.63) | 6.16 (1.09) | 6.13 (1.30) |
Biceps (mm) | 4.00 (0.00) | 4.00 (0.00) | 6.17 (1.93) | 6.16 (1.82) | 3.39 (0.40) | 3.38 (0.45) |
Suprailiac (mm) | 4.21 (0.91) | 4.21 (0.77) | 5.76 (2.12) | 5.93 (4.91) | 4.04 (0.96) | 4.00 (0.78) |
Subscapular (mm) | 5.43 (0.84) | 5.50 (0.65) | 7.18 (2.34) | 7.22 (2.15) | 5.22 (0.84) | 5.22 (0.77) |
Sum4sf (mm) | 20.63 (2.31) | 20.48 (1.94) | 28.23 (8.74) | 28.12 (9.25) | 18.81 (2.50) | 18.72 (2.66) |
Underweight (WAZ) | −0.84 (0.57) | −0.58 (0.90) | −0.90 (0.49) | −0.93 (0.47) | −1.02 (0.52) | −1.07 (0.62) |
Stunting (HAZ) | −0.11 (0.98) * | 1.90 (1.18) * | −0.38 (0.95) | −0.29 (0.78) | −0.65 (0.99) | −0.45 (0.90) |
Wasting (WHZ) | −1.14 (0.39) | −1.07 (0.85) | −1.05 (0.42) | −1.03 (0.45) | −0.97 (0.35) | −0.99 (0.64) |
MUAC | 15.78 (1.03) | 15.61 (1.43) | 16.85 (1.20) | 16.90 (1.43) | 18.31 (1.69) | 19.05 (2.28) |
Variables | Mean Blood Pressure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Adjusted | Adjusted for Age and Sex | |||||
β | p-Value | 95% CI | β | p-Value | 95% CI | |
Birth weight (kg) | −0.43 | 0.44 | −1.55–0.69 | −0.56 | 0.29 | 53.95–63.33 |
Head circumference (cm) | 0.01 | 0.75 | −0.08–0.11 | 0.04 | 0.34 | −0.05–0.14 |
Gestational age | −0.02 | 0.84 | −0.23–0.18 | −0.02 | 0.82 | −0.23–0.18 |
Sum4sf (mm) | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.15–0.36 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.01–0.22 |
Underweight (WAZ) | −0.01 | 0.99 | −1.38–1.37 | 0.14 | 0.83 | −1.26–1.55 |
Stunting (HAZ) | −0.13 | 0.71 | −0.84–0.57 | −0.10 | 0.80 | −0.88–0.68 |
Wasting (WHZ) | −0.94 | 0.24 | −2.49–0.62 | −1.05 | 0.19 | −0.27–0.61 |
MUAC | 0.26 | 0.19 | −0.13–0.65 | 0.11 | 0.65 | −0.37–0.59 |
Systolic BP | ||||||
Birth weight (kg) | 0.28 | 0.74 | −1.34–1.94 | 0.07 | 0.93 | −1.49–1.63 |
Head circumference (cm) | −0.03 | 0.70 | −0.18–0.12 | 0.01 | 0.91 | −0.13–0.15 |
Gestational age | −0.11 | 0.44 | −0.38–0.16 | −0.12 | 0.41 | −0.39–0.16 |
Sum4sf (mm) | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.20–0.51 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.34 |
Underweight (WAZ) | −0.54 | 0.54 | −2.30–1.21 | −0.32 | 0.73 | −2.12–1.49 |
Stunting (HAZ) | −0.18 | 0.70 | −1.08–0.73 | −0.12 | 0.81 | −1.11–0.86 |
Wasting (WHZ) | −1.56 | 0.13 | −3.55–0.44 | −1.62 | 0.11 | −3.61–0.38 |
MUAC | 0.25 | 0.34 | −0.27–0.77 | 0.12 | 0.72 | −0.52–0.76 |
Diastolic BP | ||||||
Birth weight (kg) | −0.79 | 0.17 | −1.90–0.33 | −0.87 | 0.11 | −1.93–0.20 |
Head circumference (cm) | 0.04 | 0.45 | −0.06–0.14 | 0.06 | 0.19 | −0.03–0.16 |
Gestational age | 0.02 | 0.83 | −0.19–0.23 | 0.02 | 0.84 | −0.19–0.23 |
Sum4sf (mm) | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.10–0.31 | 0.09 | 0.12 | −0.02–0.19 |
Underweight (WAZ) | −0.42 | 0.54 | −1.75–0.91 | −0.12 | 0.86 | −1.49–1.25 |
Stunting (HAZ) | 0.04 | 0.91 | −0.65–0.73 | 0.15 | 0.69 | −0.60–0.90 |
Wasting (WHZ) | −1.24 | 0.11 | −2.76–0.28 | −1.29 | 0.09 | −2.81–0.23 |
MUAC | 0.26 | 0.19 | −0.13–0.66 | 0.11 | 0.67 | −0.38–0.74 |
Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted for Age and Sex | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p-Value | 95% CI | OR | p-Value | 95% CI | |
High Systolic BP | ||||||
Low birth weight | 1.34 | 0.516 | 0.56–3.22 | 1.31 | 0.553 | 0.54–3.16 |
Wasting (WHZ) | 0.22 | 0.044 | 0.05–0.96 | 0.22 | 0.048 | 0.05–0.10 |
Stunting (HAZ) | 0.74 | 0.633 | 0.22–2.54 | 0.85 | 0.800 | 0.24–2.10 |
Underweight (WAZ) | 2.23 | 0.068 | 0.94–5.27 | 2.21 | 0.074 | 0.93–5.27 |
High Diastolic BP | ||||||
Low birth weight | 1.03 | 0.949 | 0.46–2.31 | 0.96 | 0.913 | 0.42–2.17 |
Wasting | 0.69 | 0.362 | 0.31–1.53 | 0.66 | 0.326 | 0.29–1.50 |
Stunting | 1.57 | 0.289 | 0.68–3.59 | 1.78 | 0.188 | 0.76–4.18 |
Underweight | 3.20 | 0.001 | 1.62–6.32 | 3.10 | 0.001 | 1.56–6.19 |
Hypertension | ||||||
Low birth weight | 1.07 | 0.914 | 0.30–3.90 | 1.03 | 0.968 | 0.28–3.78 |
Wasting (WHZ) | 0.00 | 0.997 | - | 0.00 | 0.996 | - |
Stunting (HAZ) | 0.56 | 0.577 | 0.07–4.37 | 0.63 | 0.665 | 0.08–5.05 |
Underweight (WAZ) | 5.13 | 0.001 | 1.89–13.92 | 5.26 | 0.001 | 1.93–14.34 |
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Monyeki, K.; Kemper, H.; Mogale, A.; Hay, L.; Sekgala, M.; Mashiane, T.; Monyeki, S.; Sebati, B. Association between Blood Pressure and Birth Weight among Rural South African Children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090974
Monyeki K, Kemper H, Mogale A, Hay L, Sekgala M, Mashiane T, Monyeki S, Sebati B. Association between Blood Pressure and Birth Weight among Rural South African Children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090974
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonyeki, Kotsedi, Han Kemper, Alfred Mogale, Leon Hay, Machoene Sekgala, Tshephang Mashiane, Suzan Monyeki, and Betty Sebati. 2017. "Association between Blood Pressure and Birth Weight among Rural South African Children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090974