Responses of Biogeochemical Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in Sediment to Climate Warming under a Simulation Experiment in Geographically Isolated Wetlands of the Hulunbuir Grassland, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Micro-Environment Simulating Disposition
2.2. Study Sites
2.3. Sampling Methods
2.4. Sediment Biogeochemical Characteristics Analysis
2.5. Enzyme Activity Assays
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sediment Biogeochemical Properties
3.2. Redundancy Analysis and Pearson Correlation of Biogeochemical Properties and Enzyme Activity in Sediment of Different Flooding Periods in GIW
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Sediment Biogeochemical Characteristics Responding to Ambient Temperature Warming
4.2. Effects of Sediment Enzyme Activities Responding to Ambient Temperature Warming
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | SL | WSP | ESP | XB | BHW | BHB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 8.67 ± 0.01 e | 10.27 ± 0.04 c | 10.44 ± 0.01 b | 9.71 ± 0.03 d | 10.61 ± 0.02 a | 10.31 ± 0.01 c |
EC (μS·cm−1) | 328.33 ± 3.75 e | 2320.00 ± 26.45 b | 3053.33 ± 114.64 a | 453.33 ± 8.83 e | 1507.00 ± 4.61 d | 2110.00 ± 11.54 c |
TOC (g·kg−1) | 5.925 ± 0.141 b | 3.523 ± 0.131 c | 2.971 ± 0.215 d | 3.976 ± 0.083 c | 2.663 ± 0.18 d | 7.194 ± 0.172 a |
TN (g·kg−1) | 2.602 ± 0.049 a | 0.265 ± 0.016 e | 0.233 ± 0.011 e | 0.506 ± 0.002 d | 0.768 ± 0.013 c | 1.786 ± 0.022 b |
NH4+-N (mg kg−1) | 20.194 ± 0.216 c | 26.398 ± 0.59 b | 25.938 ± 0.612 b | 28.52 ± 0.423 a | 26.802 ± 0.248 b | 6.02 ± 0.804 d |
NO3−-N (mg·kg−1) | 36.96 ± 1.572 a | 11.606 ± 2.748 c | 8.879 ± 0.306 c | 8.67 ± 0.499 c | 18.922 ± 2.555 b | 12.122 ± 0.258 c |
TP (g·kg−1) | 0.095 ± 0.003 c | 0.029 ± 0.013 c | 0.091 ± 0.008 c | 0.079 ± 0.008 c | 0.879 ± 0.024 b | 1.337 ± 0.075 a |
AP (mg·kg−1) | 39.767 ± 0.873 c | 47.163 ± 1.221 c | 61.761 ± 0.413 b | 12.978 ± 0.464 d | 51.206 ± 6.172 b,c | 180.662 ± 6.513 a |
SUC (mg glucose·g−1 24 h−1) | 10.371 ± 3.301 a | 0.138 ± 0.026 b | 0.168 ± 0.029 b | 3.478 ± 0.069 b | 1.596 ± 0.276 b | 0.451 ± 0.043 b |
URE (mg NH4+-N·g−1·24 h−1) | 1.424 ± 0.002 a | 0.087 ± 0.001 d | 0.098 ± 0.011 d | 0.567 ± 0.052 c | 0.649 ± 0.002 b | 0.155 ± 0.021 d |
AKP (mg phenol·g−1 24 h−1) | 0.041 ± 0.005 a | 0.036 ± 0.002 a | 0.061 ± 0.017 a | 0.035 ± 0.006 a | 0.065 ± 0.006 a | 0.066 ± 0.013 a |
CAT (mg H2O2·g−1·20 min−1) | 0.117 ± 0.001 c | 0.305 ± 0.022 a | 0.299 ± 0.012 a | 0.242 ± 0.024 b | 0.229 ± 0.002 b | 0.101 ± 0.004 c |
Sample Site | SUC (mg Glucose g−1·24 h−1) | URE (mg NH4+-N g−1 24 h−1) | AKP (mg Phenol·g−1 24 h−1) | CAT (mg H2O2 g−1 20 min−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | |
SL | 9.371 ± 1.266 | 18.687 ± 1.779 | 7.219 ± 0.063 | 1.424 ± 0.002 | 1.238 ± 0.008 | 1.073 ± 0.032 | 0.041 ± 0.005 | 0.026 ± 0.007 | 0.118 ± 0.013 | 0.117 ± 0.012 | 0.161 ± 0.006 | 0.218 ± 0.002 |
WSP | 0.158 ± 0.014 | 0.128 ± 0.027 | 0.337 ± 0.005 | 0.087 ± 0.001 | 0.083 ± 0.015 | 0.039 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.002 | 0.047 ± 0.013 | 0.036 ± 0.003 | 0.305 ± 0.022 | 0.347 ± 0.019 | 0.288 ± 0.021 |
ESP | 0.141 ± 0.009 | 2.511 ± 0.252 | 1.024 ± 0.067 | 0.098 ± 0.011 | 0.062 ± 0.004 | 0.056 ± 0.005 | 0.061 ± 0.017 | 0.065 ± 0.004 | 0.061 ± 0.025 | 0.299 ± 0.012 | 0.244 ± 0.011 | 0.259 ± 0.005 |
XB | 3.478 ± 0.069 | 1.511 ± 0.077 | 3.491 ± 0.114 | 0.567 ± 0.052 | 0.422 ± 0.012 | 0.317 ± 0.015 | 0.035 ± 0.006 | 0.058 ± 0.005 | 0.055 ± 0.026 | 0.242 ± 0.024 | 0.065 ± 0.032 | 0.286 ± 0.019 |
BHB | 0.484 ± 0.021 | 0.736 ± 0.026 | 3.225 ± 0.145 | 0.155 ± 0.021 | 0.166 ± 0.008 | 0.215 ± 0.021 | 0.066 ± 0.013 | 0.049 ± 0.005 | 0.072 ± 0.013 | 0.101 ± 0.004 | 0.164 ± 0.023 | 0.155 ± 0.007 |
BHW | 1.596 ± 0.276 | 0.602 ± 0.028 | 0.503 ± 0.022 | 0.649 ± 0.002 | 0.811 ± 0.049 | 0.648 ± 0.029 | 0.065 ± 0.006 | 0.043 ± 0.008 | 0.083 ± 0.012 | 0.229 ± 0.002 | 0.217 ± 0.011 | 0.893 ± 0.003 |
Sample Site | SUC (mg Glucose·g−1 24 h−1) | URE (mg NH4+-N·g−1 24 h−1) | AKP (mg Phenol·g−1 24 h−1) | CAT (mg H2O2·g−1 20 min−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | Control | Low Warmed | High Warmed | |
SW | 4.079 ± 0.103 | 16.112 ± 0.131 | 0.515 ± 0.036 | 0.411 ± 0.016 | 0.332 ± 0.005 | 0.606 ± 0.009 | 0.045 ± 0.007 | 0.041 ± 0.005 | 0.038 ± 0.010 | 0.202 ± 0.011 | 0.158 ± 0.004 | 0.215 ± 0.051 |
WSP | 0.145 ± 0.011 | 1.995 ± 0.171 | 3.142 ± 0.134 | 0.107 ± 0.021 | 0.172 ± 0.007 | 0.109 ± 0.005 | 0.029 ± 0.008 | 0.108 ± 0.021 | 0.036 ± 0.002 | 0.363 ± 0.008 | 0.342 ± 0.008 | 0.361 ± 0.017 |
ESP | 0.125 ± 0.016 | 0.694 ± 0.029 | 1.291 ± 0.048 | 0.163 ± 0.005 | 0.084 ± 0.005 | 0.104 ± 0.002 | 0.032 ± 0.005 | 0.049 ± 0.005 | 0.065 ± 0.003 | 0.314 ± 0.005 | 0.255 ± 0.022 | 0.307 ± 0.024 |
XB | 18.472 ± 0.245 | 0.138 ± 0.009 | 1.455 ± 0.117 | 0.241 ± 0.016 | 0.116 ± 0.002 | 0.185 ± 0.008 | 0.059 ± 0.012 | 0.112 ± 0.017 | 0.046 ± 0.006 | 0.282 ± 0.012 | 0.368 ± 0.002 | 0.342 ± 0.023 |
BHB | 6.115 ± 0.484 | 0.127 ± 0.007 | 7.542 ± 0.176 | 0.089 ± 0.003 | 0.188 ± 0.001 | 0.072 ± 0.001 | 0.072 ± 0.013 | 0.049 ± 0.005 | 0.086 ± 0.008 | 0.168 ± 0.006 | 0.169 ± 0.006 | 0.161 ± 0.015 |
BHW | 0.405 ± 0.054 | 1.323 ± 0.024 | 4.006 ± 0.078 | 0.311 ± 0.018 | 0.329 ± 0.002 | 0.208 ± 0.001 | 0.038 ± 0.008 | 0.034 ± 0.007 | 0.025 ± 0.006 | 0.172 ± 0.005 | 0.155 ± 0.004 | 0.112 ± 0.008 |
NO3−N (mg·kg−1) | TN (g·kg−1) | TP (g·kg−1) | SUC (mg·g−1·24 h−1) | URE (mg·g−1·24 h−1) | CAT (mg·g−1·20 min−1) | TOC (g·kg−1) | AKP (mg·g−1·24 h−1) | AP (mg·kg−1) | pH | EC (μS·cm−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH4+-N (mg·kg−1) | –0.112 | –0.638 ** | –0.717 ** | 0.002 | 0.069 | 0.765 ** | –0.886 ** | –0.360 | –0.919 ** | 0.046 | –0.109 |
NO3−-N (mg·kg−1) | 0.790 ** | –0.076 | 0.735 ** | 0.878 ** | –0.554 * | 0.316 | –0.076 | –0.156 | –0.743 ** | –0.564 * | |
TN (g·kg−1) | 0.302 | 0.649 ** | 0.706 ** | –0.903 ** | 0.804 ** | 0.037 | 0.334 | –0.700 ** | –0.519 * | ||
TP (g·kg−1) | –0.281 | –0.194 | –0.545 * | 0.441 | 0.527 * | 0.814 ** | 0.420 | 0.156 | |||
SUC (mg glucose·g−1·24 h−1) | 0.847 ** | –0.454 | 0.311 | –0.309 | –0.326 | –0.839 ** | –0.708 ** | ||||
URE (mg NH4+-N g−1 24 h−1) | –0.500 * | 0.232 | –0.194 | –0.393 | –0.834 ** | –0.829 ** | |||||
CAT (mg H2O2·g−1·20 min−1) | –0.857 ** | –0.192 | –0.529 * | 0.480 * | 0.448 | ||||||
TOC (g kg−1) | 0.085 | 0.656 ** | –0.452 | –0.257 | |||||||
AKP (mg phenol·g−1 24 h−1) | 0.490 * | 0.410 | 0.376 | ||||||||
AP (mg·kg−1) | 0.327 | 0.421 | |||||||||
pH | 0.759 ** |
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Han, L.; Su, D.; Lv, S.; Luo, Y.; Li, X.; Jiao, J.; Diao, Z.; Bu, H. Responses of Biogeochemical Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in Sediment to Climate Warming under a Simulation Experiment in Geographically Isolated Wetlands of the Hulunbuir Grassland, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090968
Han L, Su D, Lv S, Luo Y, Li X, Jiao J, Diao Z, Bu H. Responses of Biogeochemical Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in Sediment to Climate Warming under a Simulation Experiment in Geographically Isolated Wetlands of the Hulunbuir Grassland, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090968
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Liliang, Derong Su, Shihai Lv, Yan Luo, Xingfu Li, Jian Jiao, Zhaoyan Diao, and He Bu. 2017. "Responses of Biogeochemical Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in Sediment to Climate Warming under a Simulation Experiment in Geographically Isolated Wetlands of the Hulunbuir Grassland, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090968