Depressive Symptoms and Length of U.S. Residency Are Associated with Obesity among Low-Income Latina Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting and Sample
2.2. Ethics, Consent, and Permissions
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.3.2. Weight Status
2.3.3. Covariates
Acculturation Level
Health Literacy Level
Demographics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Elevated Depressive Symptoms
3.3. Correlates of Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CES-D | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale |
CI | Confidence Interval |
GED | General Education Degree |
LMCFPS | Latina Mothers Child Feeding Practices and Styles |
OR | Odds Ratio |
SASH | Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics |
S-TOFHLA | Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults |
U.S. | United States |
WIC | Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children |
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Socio-demographic Variables | Categories | n | % or Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 89 | 32 (SD 6.31) | |
Education | |||
Less than high school or GED 1 | 47 | 32.0 | |
High School-GED or higher | 100 | 68.0 | |
Income | |||
<30,000/year | 84 | 80.0 | |
≥30,000/year | 21 | 20.0 | |
Born outside the U.S. | |||
Yes | 103 | 70.1 | |
No | 44 | 29.9 | |
Country of Origin | |||
Guatemala | 36 | 35.5 | |
Dominican Republic | 21 | 20.8 | |
Colombia | 15 | 15.1 | |
Mexico | 14 | 13.9 | |
El Salvador | 9 | 8.9 | |
Peru | 3 | 3.1 | |
Venezuela | 1 | 0.9 | |
Cuba | 1 | 0.9 | |
Uruguay | 1 | 0.9 | |
Acculturation variables | |||
Years of residence in the U.S. | 103 | (11.8, SD 7.6 years) | |
SASH 2 score | |||
High | 25 | 17.0 | |
Low | 122 | 83.0 | |
Health Literacy S-TOFHLA3 score | |||
High ≥ 23 | 22 | 15.0 | |
Low < 23 | 125 | 85.0 | |
Obesity status 4 | |||
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 50 | 34.0 | |
Non-obese (BMI < 30.0 kg/m2) | 97 | 66.0 | |
Depression (CES-D) 5 | |||
CES-D < 16 | 99 | 71.7 | |
CES-D ≥ 16 | 39 | 28.3 |
Socio-Demographic Variables | CES-D < 16 | CES-D ≥ 16 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 99) | (n = 39) | ||||||
N | % | M (SD) | n | % | M (SD) | ||
Age | 99 | 71.7 | 31.5 (5.5) | 39 | 28.3 | 32.3 (7.9) | 0.54 |
Education | |||||||
<high school/GED | 29 | 21.0 | 13 | 9.4 | 0.64 | ||
≥High School/GED | 70 | 50.7 | 26 | 18.8 | |||
Income | |||||||
<$30,000/year | 59 | 60.8 | 18 | 18.6 | 0.54 | ||
≥$30,000/year | 14 | 14.4 | 6 | 6.2 | |||
Born in U.S. | |||||||
Yes | 31 | 22.5 | 11 | 20.3 | 0.72 | ||
No | 68 | 49.3 | 28 | 8.0 | |||
Acculturation variables | |||||||
Years of residence in the U.S. | 98 | 72.6 | 17.0 (11.3) | 37 | 27.4 | 17.3 (11.1) | 0.88 |
SASH score | |||||||
High | 17 | 12.3 | 6 | 4.4 | 0.80 | ||
Low | 82 | 59.4 | 33 | 23.9 | |||
Health Literacy variable | |||||||
S-TOFHLA | |||||||
High ≥ 23 | 16 | 11.6 | 5 | 3.6 | 0.62 | ||
Low < 23 | 83 | 60.1 | 34 | 24.6 | |||
Obesity status | |||||||
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) | 28 | 20.3 | 20 | 14.5 | 0.01 | ||
Non-obese (BMI < 30.0) | 71 | 51.5 | 19 | 13.8 |
Outcome: Obesity Status (Obese/Non-Obese) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 OR (CI) * | Model 2 OR (CI) | Model 3 OR (CI) | Model 4 OR (CI) | Model 5 OR (CI) | Model 6 OR (CI) | |
Maternal age (years) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | |||||
Income | 2.28 (0.39, 13.36) | 0.99 (0.31, 3.09) | ||||
<$30,000/year vs. ≥$30,000/year | ||||||
Education | 0.33 (0.06, 1.66) | 0.64 (0.22, 1.87) | 0.90 (0.37, 2.17) | |||
≥HS/GED vs. <HS/GED | ||||||
Health literacy (S-TOFHLA) | 1.92 (0.17, 21.55) | 1.92 (0.43, 8.55) | 1.77 (0.57, 5.52) | 1.83 (0.61, 5.50) | ||
Adequate vs. Inadequate | ||||||
Acculturation (SASH) | 0.34 (0.05, 2.23) | 0.56 (0.17, 1.88) | 0.44 (0.14, 1.36) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.31) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.31) | |
High vs. Low | ||||||
Years in the U.S. | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) |
Maternal depression | 5.32 (1.10, 25.90) | 2.66 (0.99, 7.17) | 2.83 (1.24, 6.47) | 2.84 (1.25, 6.48) | 2.80 (1.23, 6.35) | 2.80 (1.24, 6.33) |
CES-D ≥ 16 vs. CES-D < 16 |
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Lindsay, A.C.; Greaney, M.L.; Wallington, S.F.; Wright, J.A.; Hunt, A.T. Depressive Symptoms and Length of U.S. Residency Are Associated with Obesity among Low-Income Latina Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080869
Lindsay AC, Greaney ML, Wallington SF, Wright JA, Hunt AT. Depressive Symptoms and Length of U.S. Residency Are Associated with Obesity among Low-Income Latina Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080869
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindsay, Ana Cristina, Mary L. Greaney, Sherrie F. Wallington, Julie A. Wright, and Anne T. Hunt. 2017. "Depressive Symptoms and Length of U.S. Residency Are Associated with Obesity among Low-Income Latina Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080869