Ephedra-Treated Donor-Derived Gut Microbiota Transplantation Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Aqueous Extraction of Ephedra sinica
2.2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
2.3. Animals and Experimental Design
2.4. Biochemical Analyses
2.5. Enzyme Immunoassay for Serum Insulin
2.6. Fecal Acetic Acid Quantification by HPLC
2.7. Determination of Fecal Endotoxin
2.8. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.9. Pyrosequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Es Extraction Yield and Ephedrine Proportion
3.2. Both Es and Es Altered Gut Microbiota Changed Body Weight (Gain), Fats and Organs Weight and Food Intake
3.3. EsM Ameliorated Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia, but Did Not Alter Serum Aminotransferases and Lipid Parameters
3.4. Both Es and EsM Ameliorated Enterogenous Endotoxin
3.5. Both Es and EsM Elevated the Fecal Acetic Acid Level
3.6. Both Es and EsM Down-Regulated Gene Expression of Key Proinflammatory Cytokines
3.7. Gut Microbiota from Donor Evidently Influenced the Host Gut Microbial Community
3.8. Predicted Alteration of Gut Microbiome Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulation | Normal Diet (AIN-93G) | High Fat Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
g% | kcal% | g% | kcal% | |
Protein | 20 | 20 | 27 | 20 |
Carbohydrate | 64 | 64 | 25 | 20 |
Fat | 7 | 16 | 36 | 60 |
kcal/kg | 4000 | 5333 | ||
Ingredient | g | kcal | g | kcal |
Casein (from milk) | 200 | 800 | 200 | 800 |
Corn starch | 397,486 | 1590 | 47,536 | 190 |
Sucrose | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 |
Dextrose | 132 | 528 | 132 | 528 |
Cellulose | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
Soybean oil | 70 | 630 | 25 | 225 |
Lard | 0 | 0 | 245 | 2205 |
Mineral mixture | 35 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
Vitamin mixture | 10 | 40 | 10 | 40 |
TBHQ | 0.014 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 |
l-Cystine | 3 | 12 | 3 | 12 |
Choline bitartrate | 2.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 |
Total | 1000 | 4000 | 750.1 | 4000 |
Microbiota Preparation Experiment (MP) | Microbiota Transfer Experiment (MT) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | MP Normal | MP HFD | MP Es | MT Normal | MT HFD | MT Es |
Initial body weight (g) | 244.0 ± 9.6 | 248.0 ± 7.7 | 244.9 ± 10.2 | 271.1 ± 3.3 | 268.2 ± 4.9 | 272.9 ± 6.0 |
Final body weight (g) | 444.9 ± 20.3 | 553.6 ± 61.7 # | 487.9 ± 56.8 * | 524.6 ± 21.5 | 587.3 ± 5.6 & | 532.8 ± 14.1 $ |
Body weight gain (g) | 200.9 ± 23.8 | 305.6 ± 59.9 # | 249.1 ± 42.9 * | 253.5 ± 18.2 | 319.1 ± 10.3 & | 260.0 ± 12.0 $ |
Food intake (g/day) | 23.8 ± 2.5 | 22.0 ± 2.8 | 18.1 ± 3.7 * | 25.3 ± 0.8 | 22.1 ± 0.8 & | 18.7 ± 1.2 $ |
Food efficiency ratio | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.08 # | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.00 & | 0.33 ± 0.01 |
Total fat (g) | 46.0 ± 4.9 | 82.3 ± 19.2 # | 63.1 ± 6.7 * | 52.5 ± 9.8 | 83.1 ± 5.9 & | 58.5 ± 2.8 $ |
Relative of total fat (%) | 7.89 ± 0.66 | 11.75 ± 2.90 # | 10.06 ± 0.73 | 10.0 ± 1.5 | 14.2 ± 1.1 & | 10.9 ± 0.4 $ |
Abdominal fat (g) | 10.8 ± 1.4 | 17.9 ± 5.1 # | 13.1 ± 2.3 * | 11.3 ± 4.1 | 17.1 ± 1.4 | 16.3 ± 2.0 |
Epididymal fat (g) | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 17.8 ± 3.9 # | 13.6 ± 2.1 * | 17.3 ± 2.4 | 28.0 ± 1.8 & | 15.0 ± 1.2 $ |
Perirenal fat (g) | 14.5 ± 2.4 | 28.6 ± 5.9 # | 22.5 ± 3.4 | 23.9 ± 4.0 | 38.0 ± 4.1 & | 27.2 ± 4.5 $ |
Liver weight (g) | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 16.4 ± 2.1 # | 14.1 ± 2.3 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 15.5 ± 1.6 |
Relative of Liver weight (%) | 2.91 ± 0.34 | 3.00 ± 0.56 | 2.88 ± 0.26 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 & | 2.9 ± 0.3 |
Cecum weight (g) | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 0.2 # | 5.0 ± 0.3 * | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.1 & | 5.3 ± 1.3 |
Relative of Cecum weight (%) | 1.26 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.08 # | 1.04 ± 0.09 * | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.27 |
Cecum contents (g) | 1.90 ± 0.57 | 1.39 ± 0.19 # | 1.69 ± 0.21 * | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 & | 1.5 ± 0.2 $ |
Microbiota Preparation Experiment (MP) | Microbiota Transfer Experiment (MT) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | MP Normal | MP HFD | MP Es | MT Normal | MT HFD | MT Es |
AST (IU/L) | 76.8 ± 10.8 | 73.9 ± 13.7 | 80.4 ± 14.1 | 79 ± 7.8 | 151.3 ± 41.2 | 113.0 ± 26.0 |
ALT (IU/L) | 23.3 ± 4.2 | 35.4 ± 5.6 # | 35.1 ± 10.3 | 30.0 ± 6.2 | 32.3 ± 2.9 | 31.7 ± 2.5 |
TG (mg/dL) | 28.8 ± 1.3 | 59.0 ± 12.1 # | 43.2 ± 6.1 * | 43.0 ± 6.1 | 54.0 ± 11.4 | 39.7 ± 13.6 |
TC (mg/dL) | 47.9 ± 7.8 | 52.9 ± 5.3 | 59.3 ± 11.9 | 65.7 ± 7.4 | 66.0 ± 4.6 | 59.3 ± 9.5 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 28.6 ± 11.2 | 24.3 ± 2.0 | 33.1 ± 4.3 * | 35.2 ± 4.1 | 29.7 ± 4.6 | 28.7 ± 5.3 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 135.8 ± 27.5 | 186.4 ± 29.8 # | 145.1 ± 25.6 * | 158.7 ± 18.5 | 268.7 ± 12.9 & | 190.0 ± 21.4 $ |
Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.28 ± 0.13 | 0.65 ± 0.14 # | 0.52 ± 0.07 * | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 0.57 ± 0.11 & | 0.28 ± 0.08 $ |
HOMA-IR (mg/dL) | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.29 ± 0.05 # | 0.18 ± 0.04 * | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.09 & | 0.11 ± 0.06 $ |
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Wang, J.-H.; Kim, B.-S.; Han, K.; Kim, H. Ephedra-Treated Donor-Derived Gut Microbiota Transplantation Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060555
Wang J-H, Kim B-S, Han K, Kim H. Ephedra-Treated Donor-Derived Gut Microbiota Transplantation Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(6):555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060555
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jing-Hua, Bong-Soo Kim, Kyungsun Han, and Hojun Kim. 2017. "Ephedra-Treated Donor-Derived Gut Microbiota Transplantation Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060555