A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Colombian Collegiate Students: The FUPRECOL-Adults Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Definition of the MetS
2.6. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Clinical Characteristics and Distribution by Metabolic Syndrome Status
3.3. Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BF% | body fat percentage |
BIA | Bioelectrical impedance analysis |
BMI | body mass index |
DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
ENSIN, 2010 | Colombian national representative nutrition survey |
FUPRECOL study | Association between Muscular Strength and Metabolic Risk Factors in Colombia |
HDL-c | low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
LDL-c | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
MetS | metabolic syndrome |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
SBP | systolic blood pressure |
WC | waist circumference |
WHtR | waist-to-height ratio |
References
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All Participants (n = 890) | Women (n = 463) | Men (n = 427) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.3 (3.2) | 21.4 (3.1) | 21.3 (3.3) | 0.478 |
Weight (kg) | 64.2 (12.5) | 58.8 (10.0) | 69.8 (12.4) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 165.8 (9.0) | 159.8 (6.1) | 172.4 (6.7) | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.7) | 23.0 (3.7) | 23.4 (3.6) | 0.097 |
Nutritional status by BMI [%] * | ||||
Underweight | 29 [3.3] | 16 [3.5] | 13 [3.0] | 0.588 |
Normal weight | 615 [69.1] | 327 [70.6] | 288 [67.4] | |
Overweight | 197 [22.1] | 94 [20.3] | 103 [24.1] | |
Obese | 49 [5.5] | 26 [5.6] | 23 [5.4] | |
Body composition | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 75.4 (9.6) | 72.0 (8.0) | 79.0 (9.7) | <0.001 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 0.455 (0.055) | 0.452 (0.053) | 0.455 (0.055) | 0.035 |
Body fat (%) | 21.6 (8.8) | 26.8 (7.2) | 16.0 (6.6) | <0.001 |
Lean mass (kg) | 49.7 (9.7) | 42.6 (4.1) | 58.4 (7.2) | <0.001 |
Level of adiposity [%] * | ||||
<20 | 413 [46.4] | 88 [19.0] | 325 [76.1] | <0.001 |
20 to 29 | 317 [35.6] | 229 [49.5] | 88 [20.6] | |
30 to 39 | 140 [15.7] | 127 [27.4] | 13 [3.0] | |
>40 | 20 [2.2] | 19 [4.1] | 1 [0.2] | |
Mediterranean diet quality [%] *,a | ||||
Low/medium/high | [54.8/36.2/8.9] | [42.8/42.8/14.5] | [61.0/32.9/6.1] | <0.001 |
Ethnic group [%] * | ||||
Indigenous/Afro-Colombian/Mestizo | [2.2/25.3/72.5] | [2.0/32.2/65.8] | [2.4/21.7/75.9] | 0.052 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.9 (12.6) | 112.5 (11.0) | 123.7 (11.7) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.1 (9.8) | 72.0 (9.4) | 76.7 (10.8) | <0.001 |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 88.7 (9.7) | 85.5 (8.8) | 92.4 (9.7) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 142.2 (33.6) | 148.7 (34.4) | 135.4 (31.3) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 95.3 (48.9) | 92.2 (47.2) | 98.9 (51.0) | 0.040 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 84.0 (27.3) | 86.0 (27.8) | 81.7 (26.5) | 0.028 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 44.0 (12.8) | 47.8 (13.4) | 39.8 (10.7) | <0.001 |
Glucose fasting (mg/dL) | 83.3 (13.6) | 83.8 (14.2) | 82.6 (13.0) | 0.179 |
MetS prevalence [%] * | 53 [6.0] | 14 [3.0] | 39 [9.0] | <0.001 |
Number of components n [%] * | ||||
0 | 355 [39.9] | 236 [51.0] | 119 [27.9] | <0.001 |
1 | 331 [37.2] | 148 [32.0] | 183 [42.9] | |
2 | 151 [17.0] | 65 [14.0] | 86 [20.1] | |
3 | 39 [4.4] | 11 [2.4] | 28 [6.6] | |
4 or more | 14 [1.6] | 3 [0.6] | 11 [2.4] | |
Tobacco (≥10 cigarettes per week) [%] * | 60 [6.7] | 22 [4.7] | 30 [7.2] | 0.349 |
Alcohol (≥1 times per week) [%] * | 92 [10.1] | 42 [9.0] | 50 [11.7] | 0.041 |
PA levels (≥150 min per week) [%] * | 293 [33.0] | 146 [31.6] | 150 [35.3] | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Metabolic Syndrome Status | ||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | p Value | |
Anthropometric and body composition | |||
Age (years) | 21.4 (3.2) | 23.1 (4.0) | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 58.7 (9.2) | 82.7 (15.4) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163.7 (8.6) | 170.5 (9.1) | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.8 (2.6) | 28.4 (4.3) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 71.1 (6.5) | 90.8 (11.1) | <0.001 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.435 (0.038) | 0.534 (0.063) | <0.001 |
Body fat (%) | 20.8 (7.6) | 27.9 (8.4) | <0.001 |
Lean mass (kg) | 59.4 (10.4) | 45.3 (7.4) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.7 (9.4) | 130.0 (13.0) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.8 (6.7) | 84.5 (14.2) | <0.001 |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.7 (6.7) | 99.7 (11.1) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133.0 (29.7) | 154.1 (37.7) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 79.0 (25.2) | 180.3 (75.4) | <0.001 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 85.7 (30.4) | 87.4 (29.3) | <0.001 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 52.3 (9.9) | 31.7 (7.5) | 0.125 |
Glucose fasting (mg/dL) | 79.8 (12.0) | 92.1 (16.1) | <0.001 |
Associated factors * | |||
Women | 14 [26.4] | 449 [53.6] | <0.001 |
Men | 39 [73.6] | 388 [46.4] | |
Age group * | |||
18 to 19 years | 12 [22.6] | 306 [36.6] | <0.001 |
20 to 22 years | 15 [28.3] | 313 [37.4] | |
Over 23 years | 26 [49.1] | 218 [26.0] | |
Level of adiposity (%) * | |||
<20 | 8 [15.1] | 405 [48.4] | 0.002 |
20 to 29 | 27 [50.9] | 291 [34.8] | |
30 to 39 | 14 [26.4] | 125 [14.9] | |
>40 | 4 [7.5] | 16 [1.9] | |
Nutritional status * | |||
Underweight | 0 [0.0] | 29 [3.5] | <0.001 |
Normal | 6 [11.3] | 609 [72.8] | |
Overweight | 31 [58.5] | 166 [19.8] | |
Obesity | 16 [30.2] | 33 [3.95 | |
Mediterranean diet quality * | |||
Low | 15 [28.3] | 418 [49.9] | 0.081 |
Medium | 34 [64.2] | 346 [41.3] | |
High | 4 [7.5] | 73 [8.7] | |
Ethnic group * | |||
Indigenous | 8 [15.1] | 16 [1.9] | 0.210 |
Afro-Colombian | 36 [67.9] | 208 [24.9] | |
Mestizo | 9 [17.0] | 613 [73.2] |
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Martínez-Torres, J.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; González-Ruíz, K.; Vivas, A.; Triana-Reina, H.R.; Prieto-Benavidez, D.H.; Carrillo, H.A.; Ramos-Sepúlveda, J.A.; Villa-González, E.; García-Hermoso, A.; Ramírez-Vélez, R. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Colombian Collegiate Students: The FUPRECOL-Adults Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030233
Martínez-Torres J, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Ruíz K, Vivas A, Triana-Reina HR, Prieto-Benavidez DH, Carrillo HA, Ramos-Sepúlveda JA, Villa-González E, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Colombian Collegiate Students: The FUPRECOL-Adults Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(3):233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030233
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Torres, Javier, Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista, Katherine González-Ruíz, Andrés Vivas, Héctor Reynaldo Triana-Reina, Daniel Humberto Prieto-Benavidez, Hugo Alejandro Carrillo, Jeison Alexander Ramos-Sepúlveda, Emilio Villa-González, Antonio García-Hermoso, and Robinson Ramírez-Vélez. 2017. "A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Colombian Collegiate Students: The FUPRECOL-Adults Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030233