Relationship between Sedentariness and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth: A Multivariate Multilevel Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Predictor Variables
2.3.1. Child Level
Anthropometry
Biological Maturation
Sleep Time
Seasonality
Family Characteristics
2.3.2. School Level
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Child-Level Variables (Mean ± SD or Percentage) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 215) | Girls (n = 284) | Total (n = 499) | ||
MVPA (min·day−1) | 67.81 ± 23.75 * | 46.82 ± 14.77 | 55.86 ± 21.79 | |
Sedentary time (min·day−1) | 544.01 ± 60.98 * | 563.70 ± 53.78 | 555.21 ± 57.76 | |
BMI (kg·m−2) | 19.24 ± 3.29 | 19.32 ± 3.37 | 19.28 ± 3.33 | |
Maturity Offset (years to PHV) | −2.77 ± 0.42 * | −1.24 ± 0.51 | −1.90 ± 0.90 | |
Sleep time (h·day−1) | 8.18 ± 0.86 * | 8.34 ± 0.84 | 8.27 ± 0.85 | |
Wear time (h·day−1) | 15.32 ± 0.84 * | 15.16 ± 0.71 | 15.23 ± 0.77 | |
Number of siblings | 0.97 ± 0.79 | 0.98 ± 0.86 | 0.97 ± 0.83 | |
BMI (classification) | ||||
Normal weight | 51.6% | 59.2% | 55.9% | |
Overweight/obese | 48.4% | 40.8% | 44.1% | |
SES | ||||
<€6000 | 14.9% | 22.2% | 19.0% | |
€6000–€11,999 | 32.6% | 28.9% | 30.5% | |
€12,000–€17,999 | 20.0% | 17.3% | 18.4% | |
€18,000–€23,999 | 11.2% | 9.5% | 10.2% | |
€24,000–€29,999 | 7.9% | 7.4% | 7.6% | |
€30,000–€35,999 | 5.1% | 5.6% | 5.4% | |
€36,000–€41,999 | 2.8% | 3.9% | 3.4% | |
≥42,000 | 5.6% | 5.3% | 5.4% | |
Season | ||||
Spring | 22.8% | 20.4% | 21.4% | |
Autumn | 34.0% | 31.0% | 32.3% | |
Winter | 43.3% | 48.6% | 46.3% |
School-Level Variables (Mean ± SD or Percentage) | |
---|---|
Number of students (mean ± SD) | 782 ± 309 |
Students’ participation in sports or physical activity clubs | |
Not available | 4.3% |
Less than 10% | 4.3% |
10%–24% | 34.8% |
25%–49% | 13% |
≥50% | 43.5% |
Students’ access to outdoor facilities outside of school hours | |
No | 47.8% |
Yes | 52.2% |
Students’ access to playground equipment during school hour | |
No | 91.3% |
Yes | 8.7% |
Sedentary Time | MVPA | Covariance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Intercept | 555.100 * | 3.379 | 55.708 * | 1.446 | ||
Random Effects | ||||||
Between-schools (school level) | ||||||
Variance | 107.828 | 76.613 | 26.266 * | 14.082 | ||
Covariance | −31.256 | 26.077 | ||||
Correlation | −0.588 | |||||
Within-schools (children level) | ||||||
Variance | 3219.162 ** | 208.477 | 446.218 ** | 28.908 | ||
Covariance | −530.505 ** | 60.034 | ||||
Correlation | −0.445 | |||||
Deviance | 9827.1370 |
Sedentary Time | MVPA | Covariance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Intercept | 633.154 ** | 39.364 | 51.709 ** | 13.982 | ||
Overweight/obese | −4.754 | 5.368 | −4.804 ** | 1.898 | ||
Maturity offset (years to PHV) | 8.551 | 5.610 | 0.277 | 1.984 | ||
Socioeconomic status | 2.372 ** | 1.183 | −1.535 ** | 0.421 | ||
Number of siblings | −8.127 ** | 2.759 | 2.822 ** | 0.977 | ||
Sex | −10.858 | 9.907 | 21.561 ** | 3.496 | ||
Sleep time (h·day−1) | −6.545 | 4.651 | −0.232 | 1.645 | ||
Wear time (h·day−1) | 0.424 ** | 0.085 | 0.054 * | 0.030 | ||
Autumn | 2.137 | 7.852 | −7.745 ** | 3.267 | ||
Winter | 15.336 ** | 7.421 | −5.087 * | 3.071 | ||
Random Effects | ||||||
Between-schools (school level) | ||||||
Variance | 67.326 | 54.296 | 18.299 * | 9.777 | ||
Covariance | −25.560 | 19.150 | ||||
Correlation | −0.728 | |||||
Within-schools (child level) | ||||||
Variance | 2494.156 ** | 161.496 | 308.409 ** | 19.980 | ||
Covariance | −472.284 ** | 45.624 | ||||
Correlation | −0.539 | |||||
Deviance | 9450.4519 |
Sedentary Time | MVPA | Covariance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Intercept | 647.894 ** | 40.752 | 46.560 ** | 14.851 | ||
BMI categories | −5.033 | 5.357 | −4.738 ** | 1.896 | ||
Maturity offset (years to PHV) | 8.465 | 5.623 | 0.306 | 1.985 | ||
Socioeconomic status | 2.564 ** | 1.191 | −1.583 ** | 0.424 | ||
Number of siblings | −8.255 ** | 2.769 | 2.851 ** | 0.979 | ||
Sex | −10.846 | 9.931 | 21.579 ** | 3.499 | ||
Sleep time (h·day−1) | −6.484 | 4.668 | −0.272 | 1.648 | ||
Wear time (h·day−1) | 0.432 ** | 0.086 | 0.052 * | 0.030 | ||
Autumn | −3.439 | 9.459 | −5.723 | 4.259 | ||
Winter | 14.492 ** | 6.899 | −4.779 | 3.070 | ||
Students’ involvement in physical activity or sports Clubs | −0.357 | 2.890 | 0.110 | 1.296 | ||
Students’ access to outdoor facilities | −2.253 | 6.012 | 1.297 | 2.738 | ||
Students’ access to playground equipment | 12.657 | 9.392 | −3.972 | 4.322 | ||
School size | −0.014 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.005 | ||
Random Effects | ||||||
Between-schools (school level) | ||||||
Variance | 25.753 | 41.375 | 15.461 * | 8.908 | ||
Covariance | −15.132 | 15.665 | ||||
Correlation | −0.758 | |||||
Within-schools (child level) | ||||||
Variance | 2504.747 ** | 162.086 | 308.288 ** | 19.970 | ||
Covariance | −473.317 ** | 45.700 | ||||
Correlation | −0.539 | |||||
Deviance | 9446.1646 |
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Gomes, T.N.; Hedeker, D.; Dos Santos, F.K.; Souza, M.; Santos, D.; Pereira, S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Maia, J. Relationship between Sedentariness and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth: A Multivariate Multilevel Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020148
Gomes TN, Hedeker D, Dos Santos FK, Souza M, Santos D, Pereira S, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. Relationship between Sedentariness and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth: A Multivariate Multilevel Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(2):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020148
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomes, Thayse Natacha, Donald Hedeker, Fernanda Karina Dos Santos, Michele Souza, Daniel Santos, Sara Pereira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, and José Maia. 2017. "Relationship between Sedentariness and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth: A Multivariate Multilevel Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020148