Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnosed Cataract and Associated Risk Factors among Elderly South Africans
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and Prevalence of Self-Reported Cataract
3.2. Crude Associations between Self-Reported Cataract and Exposures
3.3. Final Multivariate Model (Model 4) of Risk Factors for Cataract
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explanatory Factors | Sample Characteristics | Prevalence of Self-Reported Cataract | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-Demographics | Sample N = 3649 | Weighted % (95%CI) | No. of People with Cataract N = 167 | * Weighted % (95%CI): 4.4 (3.4–5.8) |
Age (years) | ||||
50–59 | 1607 | 49.8 (46.8–52.9) | 40 | 2.5 (1.5–4.0) |
60–69 | 1176 | 30.8 (28.5–33.3) | 55 | 3.9 (2.6–5.8) |
≥70 | 866 | 19.4 (17.3–21.7) | 72 | 10.2 (6.9–14.8) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1551 | 43.9 (40.9–47.0) | 64 | 4.7 (3.1–7.1) |
Female | 2098 | 56.1 (53.0–59.1) | 103 | 4.2 (3.0–5.8) |
Ethnicity | ||||
Black | 1975 | 61.3 (56.8–65.5) | 74 | 3.2 (2.4–4.5) |
White | 255 | 7.7 (5.5–10.8) | 17 | 6.4 (2.5–15.5) |
Coloured | 647 | 10.9 (8.7–13.6) | 37 | 5.8 (3.1–10.5) |
Asian | 287 | 3.2 (2.3–4.3) | 19 | 7.2 (3.6–14.0) |
Education | ||||
No schooling | 1331 | 37.2 (33.9–40.6) | 44 | 4.1 (2.6–6.4) |
Incomplete Primary | 784 | 20.8 (18.3–23.6) | 39 | 3.5 (2.1–5.8) |
Completed Primary | 742 | 18.4 (16.2–20.9) | 37 | 5.1 (3.1–8.4) |
Secondary plus | 792 | 23.5 (20.6–26.8) | 47 | 5.2 (3.2–8.5) |
Wealth | ||||
Low | 1520 | 41.3 (36.6–46.2) | 93 | 3.4 (2.4–5.0) |
High | 2111 | 58.7 (53.8–63.5) | 72 | 5.8 (4.1–8.1) |
Geo-locality | ||||
Rural | 1203 | 65.1 (59.2–70.6) | 35 | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) |
Urban | 2443 | 34.9 (29.4–40.8) | 131 | 5.6 (4.2–7.5) |
Quality of Life | ||||
Low | 209 | 7.0 (5.5–8.7) | 8 | 2.3 (0.9–6.0) |
Medium | 2325 | 64.4 (60.9–67.8) | 106 | 4.0 (2.9–5.6) |
High | 1078 | 28.6 (25.2–32.3) | 53 | 5.9 (3.4–5.8) |
Co-morbidities | ||||
Stroke | ||||
Yes | 139 | 4.0 (3.0–5.4) | 11 | 8.4 (3.7–17.7) |
No | 3510 | 96.0 (94.6–97.0) | 156 | 4.2 (3.2–5.6) |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 1115 | 30.2 (27.1–33.5) | 58 | 9.1 (6.7–12.3) |
No | 2534 | 69.8 (66.5–72.9) | 109 | 2.4 (1.4–3.9) |
Depression | ||||
Yes | 113 | 2.9 (2.1–3.9) | 13 | 17.5 (7.9–34.4) |
No | 3536 | 97.1 (96.1–97.9) | 154 | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) |
Diabetes | ||||
Yes | 358 | 9.1 (7.6–10.7) | 45 | 13.3 (8.2–20.6) |
No | 3291 | 90.9 (89.3–92.4) | 122 | 3.5 (2.6–4.8) |
Obesity | ||||
Yes | 1519 | 46.8 (43.3–50.4) | 77 | 4.2 (3.1–5.8) |
No | 2052 | 52.1 (48.5–55.7) | 87 | 4.5 (3.1–6.7) |
Health behaviours | ||||
Alcohol use (ever) | ||||
Yes | 996 | 25.1 (22.5–28.0) | 45 | 3.7 (2.5–5.5) |
No | 2653 | 74.9 (72.0–77.6) | 122 | 4.7 (3.4–6.3) |
Tobacco use (ever) | ||||
Yes | 1294 | 33.4 (30.5–36.5) | 55 | 3.8 (2.4–6.1) |
No | 2355 | 66.6 (63.5–69.5) | 112 | 4.7 (3.5–6.4) |
Socio-Demographics | OR (95%CI) | Wald Test p-Value | * Adjusted Wald Test p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.000 ** | ||
50–59 | 1.00 | ||
60–69 | 1.58 (0.85–2.93) | 0.147 | |
70+ | 4.43 (2.41–8.12) | 0.000 | |
Gender | |||
Female | 1.00 | ||
Male | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | 0.669 | 0.669 |
Ethnicity | 0.063 *** | ||
Black | 1.00 | ||
White | 2.05 (0.73–5.78) | 0.172 | |
Coloured | 1.84 (0.89–3.81) | 0.099 | |
Asian | 2.32 (1.07–5.04) | 0.034 | |
Education **** | 0.656 | ||
No schooling | 1.00 | ||
<primary | 0.86 (0.45–1.64) | 0.642 | |
Primary | 1.28 (0.63–2.61) | 0.493 | |
Secondary plus | 1.30 (0.67–2.53) | 0.437 | |
Wealth | 0.037 ** | ||
High | 1.00 | ||
Low | 0.58 (0.35–0.97) | 0.037 | |
Geo-locality | 0.002 ** | ||
Rural | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 2.67 (1.42–5.03) | 0.002 | |
Quality of Life | 0.145 | ||
Low | 1.00 | ||
Medium | 1.75 (0.64–4.78) | 0.277 | |
High | 2.63 (0.93–7.47) | 0.068 | |
Co-morbidities | |||
Stroke | 0.099 *** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.06 (0.87–4.85) | 0.099 | |
Hypertension | 0.000 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4.13 (2.23–7.63) | 0.000 | |
Depression | 0.001 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 5.05 (1.97–13.01) | 0.001 | |
Diabetes | 0.000 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4.17 (2.31–7.53) | 0.000 | |
Obesity **** | 0.780 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.93 (0.56–1.55) | 0.780 | |
Health Behaviours | |||
Alcohol use (ever) **** | 0.358 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.79 (0.48–1.31) | 0.358 | |
Tobacco use (ever) **** | 0.453 | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.81 (0.46–1.41) | 0.453 |
Socio-Demographics | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p-Value | * Adjusted Wald Test p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.000 ** | ||
50–59 | 1 | ||
60–69 | 1.24 (0.65–2.35) | 0.515 | |
70+ | 4.14 (2.28–7.50) | 0.000 | |
Education | 0.846 | ||
No schooling | 1.00 | ||
<Primary | 0.76 (0.39–1.49) | 0.418 | |
Primary | 1.02 (0.49–2.12) | 0.956 | |
Secondary plus | 1.00 (0.52–1.90) | 0.994 | |
Wealth | 0.744 **** | ||
High | 1.00 | ||
Low | 0.91 (0.53–1.59) | 0.744 | |
Geo-locality | 0.010 ** | ||
Rural | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 2.48 (1.25–4.92) | 0.010 | |
Co-morbidities | |||
Hypertension | 0.001 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.99 (1.60–5.59) | 0.001 | |
Depression | 0.001 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 5.16 (1.92–13.86) | 0.001 | |
Diabetes | 0.029 ** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.97 (1.07–3.61) | 0.029 | |
Obesity | 0.448 **** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.25 (0.71–2.20) | 0.448 | |
Health Behaviours | |||
Lifetime alcohol (ever) | 0.942 **** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.03 (0.50–2.11) | 0.942 | |
Tobacco use (ever) | 0.665 **** | ||
No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.85 (0.42–1.73) | 0.665 |
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Share and Cite
Phaswana-Mafuya, N.; Peltzer, K.; Crampin, A.; Ahame, E.; Sokhela, Z. Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnosed Cataract and Associated Risk Factors among Elderly South Africans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121523
Phaswana-Mafuya N, Peltzer K, Crampin A, Ahame E, Sokhela Z. Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnosed Cataract and Associated Risk Factors among Elderly South Africans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121523
Chicago/Turabian StylePhaswana-Mafuya, Nancy, Karl Peltzer, Amelia Crampin, Edmund Ahame, and Zinhle Sokhela. 2017. "Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnosed Cataract and Associated Risk Factors among Elderly South Africans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121523
APA StylePhaswana-Mafuya, N., Peltzer, K., Crampin, A., Ahame, E., & Sokhela, Z. (2017). Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnosed Cataract and Associated Risk Factors among Elderly South Africans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121523