Health Co-Benefits of Green Building Design Strategies and Community Resilience to Urban Flooding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Green Building Practices and Human Health
1.2. Green Building Practices and Climate Change
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework
2.2. LEED Credit Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Literature Review Inclusion Criteria
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Opportunities to Strengthen the LEED Rating Systems
4.2. Flooding Resilience Policies
4.3. Community Planning
4.4. Transportation Planning
4.5. Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Sustainable Sites | Water Efficiency | Energy & Atmosphere | Materials & Resources | Indoor Environmental Quality | Innovation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prerequisites | Prerequisites | Prerequisites | Prerequisites | Prerequisites | Prerequisites |
HC-Avoid Mercury | Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control | ||||
HC-Acoustics | |||||
Voluntary Credits | Voluntary Credits | Voluntary Credits | Voluntary Credits | Voluntary Credits | Voluntary Credits |
Brownfield Mitigation | Wastewater Reduction | HC-Emissions Limits | HC-Avoid PBTs | Ventilation | |
HC-Places of Respite | Thermal Comfort | ||||
HC-Exterior Access | Low-Emitting Materials | ||||
Construction Indoor Air Quality | |||||
Chemical & Pollutant Source Control | |||||
Daylighting, Views | |||||
Schools-Mold Prevention | |||||
HC/Schools-Acoustics |
LEED Credit Title Description |
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* Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection Avoid building on: prime farmland; land in 100-year flood plain; endangered species habitat; land within 100 feet of wetlands or 50 feet of water bodies; park land. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.1: Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access Locate project near bus/rail lines. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.4: Alternative Transportation—Parking Capacity Provide preferred parking areas for carpools/vanpools. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat Limit disturbance of habitat on greenfield sites. Restore habitat on previously developed habitat. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space Increase vegetated open space. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control Reduce the volume of stormwater that leaves the site after heavy precipitation events. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Clean stormwater of total suspended solids. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Non-roof Install light colored and pervious paving (i.e., roads, sidewalks, parking lots, etc.) or place at least 1/2 of all parking spaces under cover. |
* Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof Install light colored or vegetated roofs. |
Water Efficiency Credit 1: Water Efficient Landscaping Reduce potable water use for irrigation by 50% or 100%. |
Water Efficiency Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies Reduce potable water use for sewage conveyance. |
Water Efficiency Credit 3: Water Use Reduction Reduce potable water use for interior fixtures (i.e., toilets, lavatories, showers, etc.). |
LEED Credit | Requirements | MeSH Query Terms | Relevant Citations (Total Queried in PubMed and Farr Associates (2008) [32]) | How Strategy Impacts Risk of Exposure | Environmental Determinants of Health | Co-Benefits to Public Health Outcomes | Co-Benefits to Built Environment Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection | Avoid development in or adjacent to the following areas | ||||||
Prime farmland [44,45,46,47,48] | Agriculture Climate Change Facility Design and Construction Urbanization | 5 (17) | Habitat fragmentation Land use changes Sprawl development | Access to opportunities to exercise. Dependence on automobiles. Food and nutrition security. Food safety. Habitat fragmentation. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury; under- and mal-nutrition; infectious disease; interface between wildlife and humans. | Reduced development in areas without services. Increased access to local, productive agricultural land. | |
Floodplain [49,50,51,52,53] | Floods Facility Design and Construction | 5 (7) | Flooding depth/damage ratio Urban flooding | Urban flooding. Population density. Water intrusion and exposure to increased levels of microorganism. Community rebuilding after a flooding event. | Reduced risk of respiratory disease. Reduced flooding-related injury and mortality. Reduced risk of disruption to public services. Reduced risk of population displacement. Reduced psychological harm to survivors. | Severity of flooding mitigated. Funnel rebuilding resources to enhance community cohesion. | |
Endangered Species Habitat [54,55,56,57] | Biodiversity Urban Health | 4 (7) | Urban flooding | Exposure to biodiversity in urban environments. Water quality. Exposure to mosquito vectors. | Improved mental health and wellbeing. Reduced risk of waterborne disease, respiratory disease, and malaria. | Severity of flooding mitigated. Design built environment to not harbor mosquitoes. | |
Wetlands [58,59,60,61,62,63] | Wetlands Climate Change | 6 (52) | Drought/flooding cycle Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Wetland restoration and maintenance. Development in low-lying areas near wetlands. Water quality. Exposure to mosquito vectors. | Reduced risk of waterborne disease, respiratory disease, malaria, and population displacement. | Increased wildlife habitat, protection from flooding, carbon storage. Reduced erosion. Protected stormwater infrastructure. | |
Water Body [60,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] | Cities Climate Change Facility Design and Construction Fresh Water Oceans and Seas Urban Health | 9 (11) | Biodiversity Burden on wastewater system from stormwater runoff Coastal flooding/Sea level rise Land use changes | Water quality. Exposure to biodiversity in urban environment. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury and mortality; waterborne disease; water scarcity; disruption to public services; population displacement. Improved mental health and wellbeing. | Increased water efficiency; onsite stormwater capture, treatment, and storage; onsite wastewater treatment; aquifer recharge. Reduced groundwater depletion; subsidence. Reduce risk of erosion. | |
Parkland [72,73,74] | Biodiversity Conservation of Natural Resources Facility Design and Construction | 3 (4) | Land use changes | Habitat fragmentation. Water security. | Reduced risk of interface between wildlife and humans; waterborne disease. | Cluster development. Increased native vegetation and pervious surface. Onsite stormwater filtration and storage. | |
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.1: Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access | Locate building on a site near public transit stops [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88]. | Disasters Vulnerable Populations | 14 (161) | Ability to evacuate Stress during and after events | Physical and financial access to multiple modes of transportation during an evacuation (particularly to vulnerable populations). Walkability. | Reduced risk factors for obesity (precondition of vulnerability to flooding). Evacuation plan to reduce risk of increased morbidity and mortality among older adults during and after natural disasters. | High mix of land uses. Active community design. Improved access to multiple modes of transportation, particularly for vulnerable populations. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.4: Alternative Transportation—Parking Capacity | Provide preferred parking or dedicated drop-off areas for carpools. No evidence for reducing total parking capacity [75,76,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86]. | Disasters Vulnerable Populations | 11 (149) | Ability to evacuate Stress during and after events | Physical and financial access to multiple modes of transportation during an evacuation (particularly to vulnerable populations). Walkability. | Reduced risk factors for obesity (precondition of vulnerability to flooding). Evacuation plan to reduce risk of increased morbidity and mortality among older adults during and after natural disasters. | High mix of land uses. Improved access to multiple modes of transportation, particularly for vulnerable populations. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat | Limit habitat disturbance during construction or restore habitat [50,65,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97]. | Floods Climate Change Environment Design | 11 (55) | Drought/flooding cycle Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. Habitat loss. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease; disruption to public services; population displacement; exposure to repeated flooding; combined sewer overflows; mental health problems; chemical toxins and physical hazards. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space | Increase vegetated open space [50,58,59,60,61,62,63,65,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97]. | Floods Climate Change Environment Design Wetlands | 17 (107) | Drought/flooding cycle Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. Habitat loss. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease; malaria; disruption to public services; population displacement; exposure to repeated flooding; combined sewer overflows; mental health problems; chemical toxins and physical hazards. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. Increase wildlife habitat. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control | Design the site to reduce the post-development peak discharge quantity after heavy precipitation events [50,68,89,90,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]. | Floods Climate Change Environment Design Urbanization | 18 (112) | Drought/flooding cycle Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | River basin retention capacity. Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease; exposure to repeated flooding; combined sewer overflows; chemical toxins and physical hazards. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control | Design the site to remove pollution from stormwater runoff [58,59,60,62,63,65,66,68,90,91,92,94,96,97,98,100,102,106,107,108,109]. | Floods Climate Change Environment Design Urbanization Wetlands | 21 (164) | Compromised water and wastewater quality Drought/flooding cycle Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. Habitat loss. Wetland restoration and maintenance. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease; malaria; disruption to public services; population displacement; exposure to repeated flooding; combined sewer overflows; mental health problems; chemical toxins and physical hazards. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. Increased wildlife habitat. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Non-roof | Shade impervious surfaces on-site, install light-colored or pervious hardscape, or install covered parking [50,68,89,90,91,92,93,94,96,97,102]. | Floods Climate Change Environment Design Urbanization | 11 (112) | Compromised water and wastewater quality Urban flooding | Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. Habitat loss. Wetland restoration and maintenance. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease; malaria; disruption to public services; population displacement; exposure to repeated flooding; combined sewer overflows; mental health problems; chemical toxins and physical hazards. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. Increased wildlife habitat. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof | Install light colored roof or vegetated roof. [68,100,103] | Climate Change Urbanization | 3 (57) | Burden on wastewater system from stormwater runoff Urban flooding | Percentage pervious cover in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. Water quality. Habitat loss. | Reduced risk of flooding-related injury or mortality; waterborne disease. | Reduced risk of property damage due to flooding. Increased wildlife habitat. |
Water Efficiency Credit 1: Water Efficient Landscaping | Reduce potable water consumption for irrigation [54,55,56,65,66,67,68,72,73,74,110]. | Biodiversity Cities Climate Change Conservation of Natural Resources Facility Design and Construction Fresh Water Urban Health | 11 (15) | Biodiversity Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Exposure to biodiversity in urban environments. Habitat fragmentation. Water security. | Reduced risk of waterborne disease; interface between wildlife and humans. | Increased onsite wastewater and stormwater treatment and storage. Cluster development. Increased native vegetation and pervious surfaces. |
Water Efficiency Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies | Reduce potable water use for building sewage conveyance [64,65,66,67,68,111]. | Cities Climate Change Environment Design Fresh Water Facility Design and Construction Urban Health Water Pollution | 6 (6) | Burden on wastewater system and waterways from stormwater runoff Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Water quality. Exposure to biodiversity in urban environments. | Reduced risk of flooding-related illness, waterborne disease, water scarcity; Improved mental health and wellbeing. | Increased water efficiency; onsite water capture and treatment; recharge aquifer. Reduced groundwater depression; subsidence. |
Water Efficiency Credit 3: Water Use Reduction | Reduce potable water consumption inside the building [65,66,67,68]. | Cities Climate Change Fresh Water | 4 (4) | Biodiversity Urban flooding Coastal flooding/Sea level rise | Water Quality. Exposure to biodiversity in urban environments. | Reduced risk of flooding-related illness, waterborne disease, water scarcity; Improved mental health and wellbeing. | Increased water efficiency, onsite water capture and treatment, recharge aquifer. Reduced groundwater depression, subsidence. |
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Share and Cite
Houghton, A.; Castillo-Salgado, C. Health Co-Benefits of Green Building Design Strategies and Community Resilience to Urban Flooding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121519
Houghton A, Castillo-Salgado C. Health Co-Benefits of Green Building Design Strategies and Community Resilience to Urban Flooding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121519
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoughton, Adele, and Carlos Castillo-Salgado. 2017. "Health Co-Benefits of Green Building Design Strategies and Community Resilience to Urban Flooding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121519