Efficiency of Emission Control Measures on Particulate Matter-Related Health Impacts and Economic Cost during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Meeting in Beijing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Site Information of Air Pollutants Concentrations
2.3. Choice of Health Endpoints
2.4. Exposure-Response Function and Coefficients Selection
2.5. Evaluation Model of Health Economic Cost of Particulate Matter
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons of Particulate Matter Concentrations in Different Periods
3.2. Evaluation of the Health Benefits of Emission Control Measures during APEC
3.3. Comparisons of the Economic Cost Associated with Particulate Matter Pollution during Different Periods
4. Discussion
4.1. Reduction of Particulate Matters’ Concentrations of Emission Control Measures
4.2. Health Benefits of Emission Control Measures
4.3. Economic Cost Reduction of Emission Control Measures
4.4. The Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APEC | Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation |
PM | particulate matter |
PM2.5 | particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, fine particle |
PM10 | particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter, inhalable particle |
DALYs | disability-adjusted life-years |
SIA | secondary inorganic aerosol |
GDP | gross domestic product |
SOA | secondary organic aerosol |
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Air Pollutant | Periods (SAMPLING Days) a | Minimum | P25 | Median | P75 | Maximum | Mean ± SD | χ2 | p b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Pre-APEC (n = 13) | 36.43 | 59.22 | 104.05 | 191.41 | 328.47 | 130.15 ± 87.18 | 10.193 | 0.006 |
During-APEC (n = 10) | 17.67 | 32.54 | 54.26 | 74.12 | 114.57 | 55.91 ± 29.33 | |||
Post-APEC (n = 13) | 37.27 | 76.53 | 90.26 | 228.38 | 320.10 | 145.42 ± 89.58 | |||
PM10 (μg/m3) | Pre-APEC (n = 13) | 60.08 | 87.98 | 164.64 | 208.03 | 339.59 | 162.16 ± 81.85 | 13.391 | 0.001 |
During-APEC (n = 10) | 30.47 | 57.54 | 76.61 | 95.22 | 157.16 | 80.05 ± 35.11 | |||
Post-APEC (n = 13) | 94.98 | 122.20 | 165.18 | 308.88 | 371.98 | 207.69 ± 97.43 |
Air Pollutants | Parameter | Model Estimate Coefficient | Standard Error | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | |||||
Periods | |||||
Pre-APEC | 50.84 | 32.16 | 1.59 | 0.1144 | |
Post-APEC | 107.73 | 30.33 | 3.55 | 0.0004 a | |
During-APEC (reference) | |||||
PM10 | |||||
Periods | |||||
Pre-APEC | 73.19 | 32.37 | 2.26 | 0.0242 a | |
Post-APEC | 123.53 | 32.83 | 3.76 | 0.0002 a | |
During-APEC (reference) |
Health Endpoints | Numbers of Attributable Cases (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pre-APEC | Dur-APEC | Post-APEC | |
PM2.5 | |||
Non-accidental deaths | 12.9 a | 5.0 | 14.5 |
(10.6, 15.3) | (4.1, 5.9) | (12.4, 17.1) | |
Cardiovascular disease deaths | 4.8 | 1.8 | 5.3 |
(3.6, 5.8) | (1.4, 2.3) | (4.0, 6.5) | |
Respiratory disease deaths | 2.0 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
(1.2, 2.9) | (0.5, 1.1) | (1.4, 3.2) | |
PM10 | |||
Non-accidental deaths | 14.7 | 7.3 | 18.6 |
(12.9, 16.0) | (6.4, 8.0) | (16.4, 20.3) | |
Cardiovascular disease deaths | 6.2 | 3.1 | 7.9 |
(5.4, 7.1) | (2.7, 3.6) | (6.8, 8.9) | |
Respiratory disease deaths | 1.7 | 0.9 | 2.2 |
(1.2, 2.1) | (0.6, 1.1) | (1.6, 2.7) |
Health Endpoints | Economic Cost and GDP Percentage | Pre-APEC | Dur-APEC | Post-APEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 non-accidental deaths | Economic cost (min) | 1,400,713 (1,150,973–1,661,311) a | 541,912 (445,188–640,636) | 1,574,445 (1,346,422–1,856,759) |
Economic cost (max) | 2,799,326 (2,300,221–3,320,131) | 1,085,010 (889,708–1,280,312) | 3,146,529 (2,690,825–3,710,734) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.15%–0.29% | 0.057%–0.11% | 0.17%–0.33% | |
Cardiovascular disease deaths | Economic cost (min) | 521,196 (390,897–629,778) | 195,448 (152,015–249,740) | 575,487 (434,330–705,786) |
Economic cost (max) | 1,041,610 (781,207–1,258,612) | 390,604 (303,803–499,105) | 1,150,111 (868,008–1,410,513) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.055%–0.11% | 0.021%–0.041% | 0.061%–0.12% | |
Respiratory disease deaths | Economic cost (min) | 217,165 (130,299–314,889) | 86,866 (54,291–119,441) | 249,740 (152,015–347,464) |
Economic cost (max) | 434,004 (260,402–629,306) | 173,602 (108,501–238,702) | 499,105 (303,803–694,406) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.023%–0.046% | 0.0091%–0.018% | 0.026%–0.052% | |
PM10 non-accidental deaths | Economic cost (min) | 1,596,161 (1,400,713–1,737,318) | 792,652 (694,927–868,659) | 2,019,632 (1,780,751–2,204,223) |
Economic cost (max) | 3,189,929 (2,799,326–3,472,032) | 1,584,115 (1,388,881–1,736,016) | 4,036,237 (3,558,833–4,405,141) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.17%–0.34% | 0.083%–0.17% | 0.21%–0.42% | |
Cardiovascular disease deaths | Economic cost (min) | 673,211 (586,345–770,935) | 336,605 (293,173–390,897) | 857,801 (738,360–966,383) |
Economic cost (max) | 1,345,412 (1,171,811–1,540,714) | 672,706 (585,905–781,207) | 1,714,316 (1,475,614–1,931,318) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.071%–0.15% | 0.035%–0.071% | 0.090%–0.18% | |
Respiratory disease deaths | Economic cost (min) | 184,590 (130,299–228,023) | 97,724 (65,149–119,441) | 238,881 (173,732–293,173) |
Economic cost (max) | 368,903 (260,402–455,704) | 195,302 (130,201–238,702) | 477,404 (347,203–585,905) | |
GDP Percentage | 0.019%–0.039% | 0.010%–0.021% | 0.025%–0.050% |
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Liu, Q.; Huang, J.; Guo, B.; Guo, X. Efficiency of Emission Control Measures on Particulate Matter-Related Health Impacts and Economic Cost during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Meeting in Beijing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010019
Liu Q, Huang J, Guo B, Guo X. Efficiency of Emission Control Measures on Particulate Matter-Related Health Impacts and Economic Cost during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Meeting in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010019
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qichen, Jing Huang, Bin Guo, and Xinbiao Guo. 2017. "Efficiency of Emission Control Measures on Particulate Matter-Related Health Impacts and Economic Cost during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Meeting in Beijing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010019