The Relationship between Phytoplankton Evenness and Copepod Abundance in Lake Nansihu, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Calculation of Evenness and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variations of the Environmental Factors
3.2. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Phytoplankton Community
3.3. Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Copepods Abundance
3.4. Relationship between Phytoplankton Evenness and Copepods Abundance
3.5. Relationship between Phytoplankton Species Richness and Copepod Abundance
3.6. Relationship between Phytoplankton Biomass and Copepods Abundance
3.7. Influence of Environmental Factors and Phytoplankton on Copepods Abundance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- A total of 138 phytoplankton species belonging to 78 genera and eight phyla were identified, including 60 Chlorophyta species, 33 Bacillariophyta species, and 20 Cyanophyta species, phytoplankton biomass varied from 0.44 mg/L to 5.46 mg/L and Chlorophyta was the dominant community;
- (2)
- There were 12 copepod species in the lake and their mean abundance ranged between 38.6 ind./L and 95.1 ind./L in different seasons;
- (3)
- Copepod abundance was significantly decreased with increasing phytoplankton evenness throughout the year, and both phytoplankton species richness and biomass had no significant correlation with the abundance of copepods;
- (4)
- The influence of phytoplankton species richness and evenness was different and most copepods species were more sensitive to the variation of phytoplankton evenness than species richness.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | WT (°C) | DO (mg/L) | pH | SD (cm) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 22.14 ± 10.03 | 10.47 ± 2.94 | 7.83 ± 0.69 | 40.75 ± 9.22 | 1.19 ± 0.31 | 0.24 ± 0.11 |
2 | 21.94 ± 10.03 | 8.22 ± 1.90 | 7.69 ± 0.25 | 58.00 ± 5.89 | 1.22 ± 0.21 | 0.09 ± 0.04 |
3 | 21.38 ± 9.96 | 9.27 ± 0.36 | 7.55 ± 0.66 | 40.25 ± 7.68 | 0.80 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.09 |
4 | 22.15 ± 9.58 | 9.13 ± 1.23 | 7.91 ± 0.46 | 87.88 ± 10.82 | 1.17 ± 0.15 | 0.11 ± 0.06 |
5 | 21.59 ± 9.27 | 8.43 ± 1.19 | 7.88 ± 0.51 | 65.38 ± 9.33 | 1.18 ± 0.24 | 0.10 ± 0.06 |
6 | 21.93 ± 10.24 | 9.49 ± 1.34 | 7.69 ± 0.75 | 89.87 ± 11.91 | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 0.11 ± 0.09 |
7 | 21.61 ± 11.01 | 9.59 ± 1.41 | 7.88 ± 0.62 | 49.00 ± 8.25 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 0.17 ± 0.10 |
8 | 21.61 ± 9.48 | 7.31 ± 1.05 | 7.70 ± 0.37 | 48.02 ± 10.31 | 1.59 ± 0.34 | 0.24 ± 0.11 |
9 | 22.73 ± 6.50 | 6.74 ± 1.21 | 7.51 ± 0.36 | 72.63 ± 12.42 | 1.30 ± 0.28 | 0.13 ± 0.06 |
10 | 21.16 ± 9.95 | 7.63 ± 1.83 | 7.48 ± 0.34 | 38.00 ± 8.36 | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 0.14 ± 0.10 |
11 | 21.21 ± 9.72 | 9.11 ± 1.89 | 7.61 ± 0.47 | 46.62 ± 4.23 | 1.36 ± 0.24 | 0.11 ± 0.09 |
12 | 21.47 ± 9.79 | 11.01 ± 1.69 | 7.94 ± 0.53 | 74.87 ± 9.55 | 1.16 ± 0.31 | 0.18 ± 0.11 |
Seasons | Variables | Value | Standard Error | Degree of Freedom | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Intercept | 127.3 | 19.43 | 35 | 6.55 | <0.001 |
Slope | −76.57 | 20.28 | 35 | −3.78 | <0.001 | |
Summer | Intercept | 114.82 | 49.67 | 35 | 2.31 | 0.027 |
Slope | −46.83 | 18.50 | 35 | −2.53 | 0.021 | |
Autumn | Intercept | 117.83 | 22.86 | 35 | 5.15 | <0.001 |
Slope | −83.03 | 27.92 | 35 | −2.97 | 0.005 | |
Winter | Intercept | 76.58 | 15.90 | 35 | 4.82 | <0.001 |
Slope | −44.16 | 18.45 | 35 | −2.39 | 0.023 |
Seasons | Variables | Value | Standard Error | Degree of Freedom | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Intercept | 44.34 | 12.05 | 35 | 3.681 | <0.001 |
Slope | 0.468 | 0.332 | 35 | 1.410 | 0.172 | |
Summer | Intercept | 74.32 | 23.68 | 35 | 3.138 | 0.003 |
Slope | 0.027 | 0.400 | 35 | 0.066 | 0.947 | |
Autumn | Intercept | 53.35 | 15.67 | 35 | 3.404 | 0.002 |
Slope | 0.002 | 0.317 | 35 | 0.001 | 0.990 | |
Winter | Intercept | 33.07 | 8.739 | 35 | 3.784 | <0.001 |
Slope | 0.205 | 0.145 | 35 | 1.414 | 0.167 |
Seasons | Variables | Value | Standard Error | Degree of Freedom | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Intercept | 58.28 | 11.00 | 35 | 5.298 | <0.001 |
Slope | 3.597 | 0.536 | 35 | 6.715 | <0.001 | |
Summer | Intercept | 71.05 | 19.01 | 35 | 3.738 | <0.001 |
Slope | 0.941 | 2.969 | 35 | 0.317 | 0.753 | |
Autumn | Intercept | 39.52 | 9.504 | 35 | 4.158 | <0.001 |
Slope | 6.564 | 3.551 | 35 | 1.848 | 0.085 | |
Winter | Intercept | 30.99 | 7.684 | 35 | 4.033 | <0.001 |
Slope | 11.29 | 7.714 | 35 | 1.463 | 0.161 |
Code | Latin Name | Code | Latin Name | Code | Latin Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Distigma acutum | P2 | Euglena lucens | P3 | Phacus helicoides |
P4 | Euglena mutabilis | P5 | Euglena caudata | P6 | Cyclotella sp. |
P7 | Melosira granulata | P8 | Nitzschia sublinearis | P9 | Synedra sp. |
P10 | Navicula simplex | P11 | Fragilaria capucina | P12 | Monallantus brevicylindrus |
P13 | Oscillatoria princeps | P14 | Oscillatoria tenuis | P15 | Chroococcus minutus |
P16 | Chroococcus tenax | P17 | Dactylococcopsis acicularis | P18 | Microcystis incerta |
P19 | Phormidium tenue | P20 | Merismopedia tenuissima | P21 | Merismopedia sinica |
P22 | Lyngbya limnetica | P23 | Lyngbya major | P24 | Lyngbya contorta |
P25 | Cylindrospermum stagnale | P26 | Closterium gracile | P27 | Chlorella sp. |
P28 | Schroederia setigera | P29 | Scenedesmus quadricauda | P30 | Scenedesmus dimorphus |
P31 | Crucigenia tetrapedia | P32 | Actinastrum sp. | Z1 | Thermocyclops hyalinus |
Z2 | Thermocyclops taihokuensis | Z3 | Thermocyclops kawamurai | Z4 | Cyclops vicinus |
Z5 | Tropocyclops prasinus jerseyensis | Z6 | Eucyclops serrulatus | Z7 | Mesocyclops leuckarti |
Z8 | Eucyclops speratus | Z9 | Sinocalanus tenellus | Z10 | Sinocalanus dorrii |
Z11 | Cletocamptus | Z12 | Copepods nauplius |
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Tian, W.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, L.; Xu, X.; Huang, H. The Relationship between Phytoplankton Evenness and Copepod Abundance in Lake Nansihu, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090855
Tian W, Zhang H, Zhao L, Xu X, Huang H. The Relationship between Phytoplankton Evenness and Copepod Abundance in Lake Nansihu, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(9):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090855
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Wang, Huayong Zhang, Lei Zhao, Xiang Xu, and Hai Huang. 2016. "The Relationship between Phytoplankton Evenness and Copepod Abundance in Lake Nansihu, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 9: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090855