The Diet of Preschool Children in the Mediterranean Countries of the European Union: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Quality Assessment
2.3. Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. Dietary Intake in Comparison with the Mediterranean-Like Diet
3.2. Data from Specific Countries
3.2.1. Portugal
3.2.2. Spain
3.2.3. France
3.2.4. Italy
3.2.5. Malta
3.2.6. Greece
3.2.7. Cyprus
4. Current Economic Crisis and Food Insecurity: An Impact Deserving Investigation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALSALMA | ALimentando la SAlud del MAñana |
ALSPAC | Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children |
AMDR | acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges |
BMI | body mass index |
DRI | dietary reference intakes |
EAR | estimated average requirement |
EDEN | Étude des Déterminants pré-et postnatals précoces du développement et de la santé de l’ENfant |
EDF | energy-dense foods |
EPACI | Estudo do Padrão Alimentar e de Crescimento Infantil |
FFQ | food-frequency questionnaire |
fMDS | frequency-based Mediterranean Diet Score |
GENESIS | Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study in preSchoolers |
HEI | Healthy Eating Index |
IDEFICS | Identification and Prevention on Dietary and life style induced health effects in children and infants |
IOTF | International Obesity Task Force |
PDL-Index | Preschoolers Diet-Lifestyle Index |
RDA | recommended dietary allowances |
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Author, Year (Reference) | Study Design/Name of the Study | Countries | Age | Sample Size | Outcome | Instruments | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Lauzon-Guillain et al., 2013 [13] | Multi-national European birth cohort study | Four European countries, including the Mediterranean countries France, Portugal, and Greece | 2–4 years | British ALSPAC cohort N = 7269; French EDEN cohort N = 1302; Portuguese Generation XXI cohort N = 556; and Greek EuroPrevall cohort N = 800 | Influence of early feeding practices on later fruit and vegetable intake in preschool children |
|
|
Hebestreit et al., 2014 [14] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Eight countries, including the Mediterranean countries Italy, Cyprus, and Spain | Subsample 2–5 years | Mediterranean subgroup, N = 1583 (Italy 854, Cyprus 419, and Spain 310) | Associations between proxy-reported energy intake, daily food intake, and EDF with BMI z-score |
|
|
Hebestreit et al., 2014 [15] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Eight countries, including the Mediterranean countries Italy, Cyprus, and Spain | Subsample 2–5 years | Mediterranean subgroup, N = 1416 (Italy 776, Cyprus 351, and Spain 289) | Description of energy density of dietary intake |
|
|
Tognon et al., 2014 [16] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Eight countries, including the Mediterranean countries Italy, Cyprus, and Spain | 2–9 years | Mediterranean subgroup recalls, N = 2675 (Italy 1385, Cyprus 879, and Spain 411) | Adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet |
| High adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet in children aged 2–5 years:
|
Tognon et al., 2014 [17] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Eight countries, including the Mediterranean countries Italy, Cyprus, and Spain | 2–9 years | N = 9114 | Association between Mediterranean-like diet and overweight/obesity |
|
|
Ahrens et al., 2014 [18] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Eight countries, including the Mediterranean countries Italy, Cyprus, and Spain | 2–10 years | Mediterranean subgroup, N = 7551 (Italy 2437, Cyprus 2149, and Spain 2965) | Assessment of prevalence of overweight and obesity in European children |
|
|
Country | Author, Year (Reference) | Study Design/Name of the Study | Age/Sample Size | Outcome | Tools | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyprus | Hebestreit et al., 2014 [15] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Subgroup 2–5 years Cypriot subsample N = 351 | Associations between proxy-reported energy intake, daily food intake and EDF |
| Consumption of mean energy densities:
|
France | Fantino et al., 2008 [27] | National cross-sectional survey | 1–3 years N = 706 | Assessment of energy and nutrient intake and adequacy of diet |
|
|
Lioret et al., 2015 [28] | Mother–child cohort “EDEN” cross-sectional study at 2, 3, and 5 years of age plus longitudinal study on data collected at these 3 ages | 2-years → 5-years N = 989 | Assessment of dietary patterns at 2, 3, and 5 years of age. Assessment of tracking between patterns. Associations between the dietary patterns and sociodemographic factors |
|
| |
Greece | Manios et al., 2008 [9] | Cross-sectional study on a sample of GENESIS cohort | 1–5 years N = 2374 | Assessments of nutrient adequacy of the diets and the nutritional status |
|
|
Manios et al., 2009 [32] | Cross-sectional study on a sample of GENESIS cohort | 2–5 years N = 2287 | Assessments of diet quality and socio-demographic factors related to it. Development of the “Healthy Eating Index “ |
|
| |
Manios et al., 2010 [33] | Cross-sectional study on a sample of GENESIS cohort | 2–5 years N = 2287 | Development of a diet–lifestyle quality index for young children and its relation to obesity (Preschoolers Diet-Lifestyle Index—PDL-Index) |
|
| |
Italy | Verduci et al., 2007 [29] | Single-center birth cohort | 1-year → 10-years N = 61 | Assessment of dietary energy and macronutrient intakes and comparison with recommended dietary allowances |
| At preschool ages
|
Hebestreit et al., 2014 [15] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Subgroup 2–5 years Italian subsample N = 776 | Associations between proxy-reported energy intake, daily food intake and EDF |
| Consumption of mean energy densities:
| |
Zuccotti et al., 2014 [30] | Cross-sectional study “NUTRINTAKE” | 6 Months–3 years N = 390 | Comparison of the dietary intake between children living in North and South Italy |
|
| |
Malta | Buttigieg et al., 2012 [31] | Cross-sectional study | 3-years N = 200 | Associations between:
|
|
|
Portugal | Rêgo et al., 2013 [19] | Cross-sectional national study “EPACI” | N = 2232 | Evaluation of feeding pattern and weight status |
|
|
Lopes et al., 2014 [21] | Cross-sectional regional study, on a sample of Geração XXI birth cohort | N = 8647 | Evaluation of feeding pattern and weight status |
|
| |
Vilela et al., 2015 [22] | Cross-sectional regional study, on a sample of Geração XXI birth cohort | N = 9114 | Association between socioeconomic characteristics and family structure and consumption of EDF |
| Lower EDF consumption was associated with:
| |
Vilela et al., 2014 [23] | Longitudinal regional study, using a sample of Geração XXI birth cohort | N = 705 | Association between the consumption of EDF at 2 years old and the consumption of foods and diet quality at 4 years old |
|
| |
Durão et al., 2015 [24] | Longitudinal regional study, on a sample of Geração XXI birth cohort | N = 589 | Association between consumption of EDF at 2 years old and BMI at 4 years old |
|
| |
Durão et al., 2015 [25] | Cross-sectional regional study on a sample of Geração XXI birth cohort | N = 4122 | Association between maternal perceived responsibility and child feeding practices and dietary inadequacy | Mothers self-completed:
|
| |
Spain | Dalmau et al., 2015 [26] | Cross-sectional study “ALSALMA” | N = 1701 | Comparison of the nutritional patterns with the recommendations |
|
|
Hebestreit et al., 2014 [15] | Multi-national European cohort study “IDEFICS” | Spanish subsample N = 298 | Associations between proxy-reported energy intake, daily food intake and EDF |
| Consumption of mean energy densities:
|
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Pereira-da-Silva, L.; Rêgo, C.; Pietrobelli, A. The Diet of Preschool Children in the Mediterranean Countries of the European Union: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060572
Pereira-da-Silva L, Rêgo C, Pietrobelli A. The Diet of Preschool Children in the Mediterranean Countries of the European Union: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(6):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060572
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira-da-Silva, Luís, Carla Rêgo, and Angelo Pietrobelli. 2016. "The Diet of Preschool Children in the Mediterranean Countries of the European Union: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 6: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060572