Which Environmental Factors Have the Highest Impact on the Performance of People Experiencing Difficulties in Capacity?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- to identify the EFs with the highest impact on performance in general,
- (2)
- to identify the EFs with the highest impact on performance in persons with mild, moderate and severe levels of difficulties in capacity,
- (3)
- to identify which EFs are the most relevant across all levels of difficulties in capacity.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Factors with the Highest Impact on Performance
3.1.1. Severe Levels of Difficulties in Capacity
3.1.2. Moderate Levels of Difficulties in Capacity
3.1.3. Mild Levels of Difficulties in Capacity
3.2. Most Relevant Environmental Factors across All Levels of Difficulties in Capacity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Level | Severe Difficulties in Capacity | Moderate Difficulties in Capacity | Mild Difficulties in Capacity | Complete Sample a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Sample size | 128 | 25.6 | 200 | 40.0 | 171 | 34.2 | 500 | 100.0 | |
Gender | Male | 52 | 40.6 | 69 | 34.5 | 72 | 42.1 | 193 | 38.6 |
Female | 76 | 59.4 | 131 | 65.5 | 99 | 57.9 | 307 | 61.4 | |
Education | No schooling or never completed any grade | 41 | 32.0 | 34 | 17.0 | 20 | 11.7 | 95 | 19.0 |
Elementary education | 54 | 42.2 | 96 | 48.0 | 63 | 36.8 | 214 | 42.8 | |
Secondary school | 30 | 23.4 | 62 | 31.0 | 78 | 45.6 | 170 | 34.0 | |
Other | 3 | 2.3 | 8 | 4.0 | 10 | 5.8 | 21 | 4.2 | |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age, years | 51.1 | 15.8 | 41.7 | 12.5 | 37.7 | 11.6 | 42.8 | 14.2 | |
Metric capacity score b | 56.8 | 9.1 | 38.7 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 10.7 | 34.9 | 18.7 | |
Metric performance score c | 56.4 | 12.6 | 42.6 | 7.7 | 25.9 | 12.5 | 40.4 | 16.1 |
Category | Variable | Complete Sample N = 500 | Severe Difficulties in Capacity N = 128 | Moderate Difficulties in Capacity N = 200 | Mild Difficulties in Capacity N = 171 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Variables | All Variables | All Variables | All Variables | ||||||||||||||
VIM a | Rank | R² | R²adj b | VIM a | Rank | R² | R²adj b | VIM a | Rank | R² | R²adj b | VIM a | Rank | R² | R²adj b | ||
Control c | Age | 11.4 | 0.7 | 0.681 | 9.6 | 0.5 | 0.483 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.253 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.272 | ||||
Control | Sex | 0.2 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||
Control | Level of education | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 3.3 | ||||||||||||
Control | Capacity metric score | 94.4 | 34.2 | 7.7 | 30.6 | ||||||||||||
General EF d | Work/school | 2.1 | 10 | 0.8 | 0.742 | 0.4 | 20 | 0.9 | 0.718 | 0.4 | 6 | 0.4 | 0.373 | 0.1 | 26 | 0.7 | 0.430 |
General EF | Health facilities | 1.1 | 16 | 0.8 | 0.761 | 0.7 | 15 | 0.8 | 0.720 | 0.2 | 16 | 0.6 | 0.432 | −0.1 | 32 | ||
General EF | Places to socialize | 14.3 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.712 | 10.1 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.621 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.316 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.409 |
General EF | Shops banks | 1.7 | 12 | 0.8 | 0.741 | 0.1 | 26 | 0.9 | 0.686 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.400 | 0.6 | 14 | 0.6 | 0.430 |
General EF | Worship | 5.2 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.736 | 2.5 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.702 | 0.1 | 21 | 0.6 | 0.415 | 0.0 | 27 | 0.7 | 0.421 |
General EF | Transportation | 7.9 | 4 | 0.7 | 0.728 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.8 | 0.698 | 1.2 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.347 | 0.8 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.421 |
General EF | Dwelling | 5.5 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.737 | 1.9 | 11 | 0.8 | 0.705 | 0.1 | 19 | 0.6 | 0.427 | 1.3 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.384 |
General EF | Natural environment | 8.0 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.716 | 0.9 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.709 | 0.4 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.404 | 2.7 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.291 |
General EF | Lighting noise crowds | 1.7 | 11 | 0.8 | 0.741 | 0.3 | 21 | 0.9 | 0.718 | 0.0 | 30 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.318 | ||
Personal Assistance | Assistance summary | 5.8 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.738 | 3.1 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.691 | 1.2 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.337 | 1.0 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.388 |
Assistive Devices | Mobility and self-care | 4.8 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.736 | 4.1 | 4 | 0.7 | 0.659 | 0.0 | 28 | 0.7 | 0.462 | 0.0 | 28 | 0.7 | 0.416 |
Assistive Devices | Seeing | 0.4 | 26 | 0.8 | 0.767 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.9 | 0.669 | 0.0 | 24 | 0.6 | 0.421 | 0.0 | 29 | 0.7 | 0.414 |
Assistive Devices | At home | 1.4 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.753 | 0.5 | 18 | 0.8 | 0.731 | 0.2 | 18 | 0.6 | 0.435 | 0.0 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.407 |
Assistive Devices | In the community | 0.2 | 32 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 1.4 | 12 | 0.8 | 0.702 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.5 | 0.391 | −0.2 | 35 | ||
Relationships | Help family member | 0.1 | 36 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.9 | 0.691 | 0.0 | 32 | −0.2 | 34 | ||||
Relationships | Help friends | 0.7 | 21 | 0.8 | 0.764 | 2.8 | 7 | 0.8 | 0.703 | 0.0 | 27 | 0.7 | 0.466 | −0.2 | 36 | ||
Relationships | Help neighbours | 0.4 | 27 | 0.8 | 0.767 | 0.0 | 29 | 0.9 | 0.646 | 0.1 | 20 | 0.6 | 0.419 | 0.4 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.433 |
Relationships | Close partner | 0.2 | 33 | 0.8 | 0.767 | −0.1 | 34 | 0.4 | 10 | 0.5 | 0.407 | 0.2 | 22 | 0.7 | 0.407 | ||
Relationships | Close family | 0.4 | 25 | 0.8 | 0.767 | 0.3 | 22 | 0.9 | 0.713 | 0.0 | 33 | 0.6 | 13 | 0.6 | 0.444 | ||
Relationships | Close friend | 0.5 | 23 | 0.8 | 0.765 | 0.7 | 17 | 0.8 | 0.733 | 0.2 | 17 | 0.6 | 0.427 | 0.2 | 20 | 0.7 | 0.430 |
Relationships | Close neighbour | 0.2 | 34 | 0.8 | 0.767 | 0.0 | 31 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.6 | 0.441 | 0.3 | 17 | 0.6 | 0.430 | ||
Relationships | Number close family | 2.9 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.740 | 11.6 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.579 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.440 | 0.2 | 23 | 0.7 | 0.400 |
Relationships | Number close friends | 0.3 | 30 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 0.2 | 24 | 0.9 | 0.696 | 0.3 | 12 | 0.5 | 0.395 | 0.1 | 24 | 0.7 | 0.394 |
Relationships | Number close neighbour | 0.2 | 35 | 0.8 | 0.769 | −0.1 | 35 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.408 | 0.0 | 31 | ||||
Attitudes of others | Participate family decisions | 0.3 | 29 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 2.5 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.705 | 0.0 | 29 | 0.7 | 0.470 | −0.2 | 37 | ||
Attitudes of others | Society involvement | 0.8 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.764 | 0.3 | 23 | 0.9 | 0.701 | 0.0 | 34 | 1.6 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.339 | ||
Attitudes of others | Treat unfair | 0.4 | 28 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 0.0 | 32 | 0.3 | 11 | 0.5 | 0.399 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.6 | 0.431 | ||
Attitudes of others | Own choices | 0.5 | 24 | 0.8 | 0.766 | 1.0 | 13 | 0.8 | 0.712 | 0.0 | 26 | 0.7 | 0.461 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.7 | 0.383 |
Attitudes of others | Big decisions | 1.1 | 17 | 0.8 | 0.763 | 0.1 | 27 | 0.9 | 0.677 | −0.1 | 36 | 0.3 | 19 | 0.7 | 0.434 | ||
Attitudes of others | Accept you | 0.3 | 31 | 0.8 | 0.767 | 0.0 | 30 | 0.9 | 0.669 | 0.1 | 22 | 0.6 | 0.414 | 0.6 | 12 | 0.6 | 0.428 |
Attitudes of others | Respect you | 0.0 | 37 | 0.8 | 0.768 | 0.4 | 19 | 0.9 | 0.726 | 0.0 | 25 | 0.6 | 0.410 | −0.2 | 33 | ||
Attitudes of others | Burden on society | 1.4 | 15 | 0.8 | 0.760 | 4.9 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.659 | 0.0 | 31 | 0.9 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.418 | ||
Attitudes of others | Impatient with you | 0.8 | 18 | 0.8 | 0.763 | −0.1 | 36 | −0.1 | 37 | 0.4 | 16 | 0.6 | 0.431 | ||||
Attitudes of others | Expectations from you | 1.5 | 13 | 0.8 | 0.753 | −0.1 | 37 | 0.1 | 23 | 0.6 | 0.424 | 1.5 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.374 | ||
Attitudes of others | Living in dignity | 0.8 | 19 | 0.8 | 0.763 | 0.7 | 16 | 0.8 | 0.733 | 0.0 | 35 | 0.8 | 10 | 0.6 | 0.425 | ||
Accessibility to information | Access information | 0.5 | 22 | 0.8 | 0.764 | −0.1 | 33 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.362 | 0.2 | 21 | 0.7 | 0.422 | ||
Medication | Medication regularly | 8.0 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.725 | 3.7 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.678 | 0.6 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.372 | 0.7 | 11 | 0.6 | 0.422 |
Correlation Observed-Predicted | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Category | Variable | Complete Sample | Severe Difficulties in Capacity | Moderate Difficulties in Capacity | Mild Difficulties in Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General EF | Work school | x | x | ||
General EF | Health facilities | x | |||
General EF | Places to socialize | x | x | x | x |
General EF | Shops banks | x | x | x | |
General EF | Worship | x | x | ||
General EF | Transportation | x | x | x | x |
General EF | Dwelling | x | x | x | |
General EF | Natural environment | x | x | x | x |
General EF | Lighting noise crowds | x | x | ||
Personal Assistance | Assistance summary | x | x | x | x |
Assistive Devices | Mobility and self-care | x | x | ||
Assistive Devices | Seeing | ||||
Assistive Devices | At home | x | |||
Assistive Devices | In the community | x | x | ||
Relationships | Help family member | ||||
Relationships | Help friends | x | |||
Relationships | Help neighbours | x | |||
Relationships | Close partner | x | |||
Relationships | Close family | x | |||
Relationships | Close friend | ||||
Relationships | Close neighbour | x | |||
Relationships | Number close family | x | x | x | |
Relationships | Number close friends | x | |||
Relationships | Number close neighbour | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Participate family decisions | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Attitudes society involvement | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Treat unfair | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Own choices | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Big decisions | ||||
Attitudes of others | Accept you | x | |||
Attitudes of others | Respect you | ||||
Attitudes of others | Burden on society | x | x | x | |
Attitudes of others | Impatient with you | ||||
Attitudes of others | Expectations from you | x | x | ||
Attitudes of others | Living in dignity | x | |||
Accessibility to information | Access information | x | |||
Medication | Medication regularly | x | x | x | x |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Loidl, V.; Oberhauser, C.; Ballert, C.; Coenen, M.; Cieza, A.; Sabariego, C. Which Environmental Factors Have the Highest Impact on the Performance of People Experiencing Difficulties in Capacity? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040416
Loidl V, Oberhauser C, Ballert C, Coenen M, Cieza A, Sabariego C. Which Environmental Factors Have the Highest Impact on the Performance of People Experiencing Difficulties in Capacity? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(4):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040416
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoidl, Verena, Cornelia Oberhauser, Carolina Ballert, Michaela Coenen, Alarcos Cieza, and Carla Sabariego. 2016. "Which Environmental Factors Have the Highest Impact on the Performance of People Experiencing Difficulties in Capacity?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 4: 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040416