Sociocultural Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors among Adult Latinas: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Social and Cultural Determinants of Health and Latina Risky Sexual Behaviors
1.1.1. Individual Determinants
1.1.2. Cultural Environment Determinants
1.1.3. Interpersonal Support and Attachment
1.1.4. Intimate Partner Violence
1.1.5. Chronic Stress
1.1.6. Drug and Alcohol Use
1.1.7. Community Environment Determinants
1.1.8. Religious Involvement
1.1.9. Involvement with the Criminal Justice System
1.2. Conceptual Framework
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.1.1. Measures
2.1.2. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Mother generation | 135 | 50% | 135 | 50% | 135 | 50% | 135 | 50% |
U.S.-born | 77 | 28% | 77 | 28% | 77 | 28% | 77 | 28% |
Mental Health | ||||||||
Depression | 85 | 31% | 61 | 22% | 52 | 19% | 25 | 9% |
English-speaking level | ||||||||
Not at all | 67 | 25% | 56 | 21% | 53 | 19% | 55 | 20% |
Fair | 47 | 17% | 57 | 21% | 56 | 21% | 45 | 17% |
Good | 75 | 28% | 80 | 29% | 67 | 25% | 84 | 31% |
Excellent | 88 | 32% | 85 | 31% | 96 | 35% | 88 | 32% |
Intimate partner violence | 106 | 39% | 47 | 17% | 32 | 12% | 18 | 7% |
Criminal involvement | 38 | 14% | 11 | 4% | 3 | 1% | 1 | 0% |
Marital Status | ||||||||
Married or remarried or with partner | 73 | 27% | 103 | 38% | 110 | 40% | 114 | 42% |
Widowed or separated or divorced | 107 | 39% | 109 | 40% | 105 | 39% | 105 | 39% |
Never married | 92 | 34% | 60 | 22% | 57 | 21% | 53 | 19% |
Alcohol misuse | 85 | 31% | 56 | 21% | 45 | 17% | 52 | 19% |
Drug misuse | 34 | 13% | 34 | 13% | 35 | 13% | 29 | 11% |
HIV risk behaviors | 191 | 70% | 173 | 64% | 165 | 61% | 154 | 57% |
Multiple sex partners | 42 | 15% | 35 | 13% | 36 | 13% | 23 | 8% |
Sex under the influence | 127 | 47% | 115 | 42% | 97 | 36% | 90 | 33% |
Sex without a condom | 158 | 58% | 149 | 55% | 143 | 53% | 136 | 50% |
Sociocultural | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. |
Years in USA | 19.50 | 13.88 | 25.26 | 13.92 | 26.31 | 13.96 | 27.43 | 13.92 |
Age at interview | 39.88 | 15.92 | 39.88 | 15.92 | 39.88 | 15.92 | 39.88 | 15.92 |
Count of mental health symptoms | 1.18 | 1.37 | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.44 | 0.90 |
Tangible support | 34.21 | 5.68 | 23.84 | 2.57 | 24.06 | 2.41 | 23.61 | 2.83 |
Belonging support | 32.92 | 5.32 | 23.35 | 2.81 | 23.72 | 2.52 | 23.40 | 2.91 |
Relationship stress | 12.83 | 4.76 | 11.10 | 4.12 | 10.75 | 4.07 | 9.90 | 3.40 |
Social stress | 4.57 | 1.62 | 3.98 | 1.42 | 3.83 | 1.25 | 3.62 | 1.07 |
Neighborhood stress | 7.04 | 1.98 | 6.86 | 2.05 | 6.84 | 2.03 | 6.61 | 1.80 |
Religious involvement | 2.82 | 0.95 | 2.94 | 0.94 | 2.88 | 1.02 | 2.90 | 1.00 |
Attachment | 91.98 | 17.73 | 92.83 | 19.49 | 94.13 | 20.36 | 95.69 | 19.79 |
Variable | HIV Risk Behaviors | Multiple Sex Partners | Sex under the Influence | Sex without a Condom | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | |
Years in USA | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.99 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
Mother vs. daughter | −2.13 *** | 0.23 | 0.12 | −1.66 *** | 0.28 | 0.19 | −1.82 *** | 0.21 | 0.16 | −1.28 *** | 0.23 | 0.28 |
Age at baseline | −0.09 *** | 0.01 | 0.92 | −0.07 *** | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.08 *** | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.05 *** | 0.01 | 0.95 |
Mental health | ||||||||||||
Depression | 0.20 | 0.23 | 1.23 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 1.56 | 0.46 * | 0.21 | 1.59 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 1.31 |
Total number of mental health symptoms | 0.21 ** | 0.08 | 1.24 | 0.20 * | 0.08 | 1.22 | 0.28 *** | 0.07 | 1.32 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 1.23 |
Sociocultural | ||||||||||||
U.S.-born | 1.59 *** | 0.32 | 4.90 | 0.76 ** | 0.27 | 2.14 | 1.65 *** | 0.26 | 5.23 | 0.91 ** | 0.29 | 2.49 |
English speaking level | 0.53 *** | 0.11 | 1.71 | 0.28 ** | 0.11 | 1.32 | 0.55 *** | 0.10 | 1.74 | 0.34 ** | 0.10 | 1.41 |
Tangible support | 0.05 *** | 0.02 | 1.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.04 ** | 0.01 | 1.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.02 |
Belonging support | 0.07 *** | 0.02 | 1.07 | 0.04 * | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.05 ** | 0.02 | 1.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.03 |
Intimate partner violence | 1.08 *** | 0.25 | 2.94 | 0.49 * | 0.25 | 1.63 | 0.87 *** | 0.21 | 2.39 | 0.98 *** | 0.23 | 2.66 |
Relationship related stress | 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.01 |
Social stress | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.06 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 1.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.07 |
Neighborhood stress | 0.02 | 0.05 | 1.02 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 1.03 |
Religious involvement | −0.27 * | 0.11 | 0.77 | −0.49 *** | 0.12 | 0.61 | −0.37 *** | 0.10 | 0.69 | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.92 |
Criminal justice system involvement | 2.82 *** | 0.82 | 16.76 | 0.87 * | 0.38 | 2.38 | 2.66 *** | 0.51 | 14.28 | 1.68 *** | 0.49 | 5.38 |
Attachment | −0.01 | 0.01 | 1.00 | −0.02 ** | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
Marital Status | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Married or remarried or with partner | 0.71 * | 0.29 | 2.04 | −1.91 *** | 0.32 | 0.15 | −0.66 ** | 0.24 | 0.52 | 1.34 *** | 0.26 | 3.80 |
Widowed or separated or divorced | −1.65 *** | 0.28 | 0.19 | −1.02 *** | 0.27 | 0.36 | −1.55 *** | 0.26 | 0.21 | −0.92 *** | 0.25 | 0.40 |
Never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Alcohol abuse | 1.00 *** | 0.27 | 2.70 | 0.96 *** | 0.24 | 2.61 | 1.52 *** | 0.22 | 4.56 | 0.68 ** | 0.24 | 1.97 |
Drug abuse | 1.57 *** | 0.37 | 4.80 | 1.07 *** | 0.28 | 2.92 | 1.26 *** | 0.28 | 3.52 | 1.37 *** | 0.32 | 3.95 |
HIV Risk Behaviors | Multiple Sex Partners | Sex under the Influence | Sex without a Condom | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | β | SE (β) | Exp. (β) | |
Years in USA | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.02 |
Mother vs. daughter | −0.49 | 0.42 | 0.61 | −0.12 | 0.47 | 0.89 | −0.22 | 0.39 | 0.80 | −0.34 | 0.40 | 0.71 |
Age at baseline | −0.07 *** | 0.02 | 0.93 | −0.10 *** | 0.02 | 0.90 | −0.06 ** | 0.02 | 0.95 | −0.05 ** | 0.02 | 0.96 |
Mental health | ||||||||||||
Depression | NS | NS | −0.03 | 0.36 | 0.97 | NS | ||||||
Total number of mental health symptoms | 0.17 | 0.09 | 1.19 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 1.18 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 1.24 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 1.18 |
Acculturation | ||||||||||||
U.S.-born | 0.06 | 0.39 | 1.07 | −0.51 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 1.42 | −0.42 | 0.35 | 0.66 |
English speaking level | 0.02 | 0.14 | 1.02 | −0.24 | 0.16 | 0.78 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 1.08 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.96 |
Tangible support | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.02 | NS | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.02 | NS | ||||
Belonging support | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | NS | ||
Intimate partner violence | 0.63 * | 0.28 | 1.88 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 1.16 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 1.51 | 0.92 *** | 0.25 | 2.51 |
Religious involvement | 0.18 | 0.13 | 1.19 | −0.19 | 0.14 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 1.05 | NS | ||
Criminal justice system involvement | 1.80 * | 0.85 | 6.06 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 1.34 | 1.86 *** | 0.52 | 6.43 | 1.10 * | 0.49 | 3.01 |
Attachment | NS | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | NS | NS | ||||||
Marital Status | ||||||||||||
Married or remarried or with partner | 1.95 *** | 0.35 | 7.06 | −1.32 *** | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 1.20 | 2.01 *** | 0.29 | 7.47 |
Widowed or separated or divorced | −0.18 | 0.34 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 1.52 | −0.40 | 0.31 | 0.67 | −0.10 | 0.31 | 0.90 |
Never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Alcohol abuse | 0.40 | 0.30 | 1.49 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 1.26 | 0.97 *** | 0.24 | 2.64 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 1.34 |
Drug abuse | 1.63 *** | 0.42 | 5.09 | 0.74 * | 0.32 | 2.11 | 0.87 ** | 0.30 | 2.40 | 1.26 ** | 0.33 | 3.53 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rojas, P.; Huang, H.; Li, T.; Ravelo, G.J.; Sanchez, M.; Dawson, C.; Brook, J.; Kanamori, M.; De La Rosa, M. Sociocultural Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors among Adult Latinas: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111164
Rojas P, Huang H, Li T, Ravelo GJ, Sanchez M, Dawson C, Brook J, Kanamori M, De La Rosa M. Sociocultural Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors among Adult Latinas: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111164
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojas, Patria, Hui Huang, Tan Li, Gira J. Ravelo, Mariana Sanchez, Christyl Dawson, Judith Brook, Mariano Kanamori, and Mario De La Rosa. 2016. "Sociocultural Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors among Adult Latinas: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111164
APA StyleRojas, P., Huang, H., Li, T., Ravelo, G. J., Sanchez, M., Dawson, C., Brook, J., Kanamori, M., & De La Rosa, M. (2016). Sociocultural Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors among Adult Latinas: A Longitudinal Study of a Community-Based Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111164