Estimation of the Disease Burden Attributable to 11 Risk Factors in Hubei Province, China: A Comparative Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Diseases and Injuries | DALY Rate for Males | DALY Rate for Females | Diseases and Injuries | DALY Rate for Males | DALY Rate for Females |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esophageal cancer | 380.42 | 81.86 | Lower respiratory infections | 291.17 | 206.84 |
Stomach cancer | 662.8 | 298.66 | Other chronic respiratory diseases | 57.55 | 62.76 |
Liver cancer | 1298.37 | 387.02 | Alcoholic cirrhosis | 114.34 | 21.97 |
Lung cancer | 1390.57 | 463.69 | Pancreatitis | 27.56 | 22.63 |
Gallbladder cancer | 26.97 | 38.44 | Ischemic heart disease | 1968.47 | 1209.08 |
Thyroid cancer | 7.94 | 12.23 | Ischemic stroke | 749.2 | 529.25 |
Colorectal cancer | 294.63 | 227.37 | Hemorrhagic stroke | 2540.38 | 1664.04 |
Lip and oral cavity cancer | 31.78 | 15.38 | Rheumatic heart disease | 110.85 | 162.91 |
Nasopharynx cancer | 87.91 | 34.08 | Hypertensive heart disease | 463.2 | 388.84 |
Larynx cancer | 48.02 | 6.78 | Cardiomyopathy | 74.12 | 62.94 |
Other pharynx cancer | 14.97 | 3.23 | Atrial fibrillation | 5.65 | 3.66 |
Breast cancer | 5.01 | 278.08 | Aortic aneurysm | 32.38 | 8.82 |
Uterine cancer | 0.00 | 65.01 | Peripheral vascular disease | 1.7 | 2.41 |
Cervical cancer | 0.00 | 153.91 | Endocarditis | 7.01 | 4.14 |
Ovarian cancer | 0.00 | 87.09 | Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 172.73 | 212.44 |
Pancreatic cancer | 100.3 | 68.56 | Diabetes | 704.53 | 629.13 |
Kidney cancer | 36.84 | 19.48 | Diabetes-related CKD | 55.98 | 63.9 |
Bladder cancer | 66.96 | 17.64 | Hypertensive CKD | 101.7 | 81.94 |
Leukemia | 174.95 | 121.51 | Glomerulonephritis-related CKD | 106.27 | 92.71 |
Tuberculosis | 194.89 | 77.25 | Other CKD | 146.65 | 138.5 |
Otitis media | 20.44 | 18.67 | Road injuries | 1428.94 | 520.92 |
Asthma | 117.31 | 118.67 | Unintentional injuries | 1682.51 | 667.61 |
COPD | 1425.93 | 935.55 | Self-harm | 621.06 | 581.59 |
Pneumoconiosis | 26.14 | 2.31 | Osteoarthritis | 144.04 | 294.39 |
Interstitial lung disease | 103.7 | 85.7 |
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Risk Factor | Disease and Injury Outcomes |
---|---|
Smoking | Cancer of the upper digestive tract, liver cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, leukemia, COPD, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease, tuberculosis, lower respiratory infections, other chronic respiratory diseases, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hypertensive heart disease, atrial fibrillation, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, asthma, diabetes |
Second hand smoke | Lung cancer, lower respiratory infections, otitis media, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke |
Alcohol use | Cancer of the upper digestive tract, liver cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, alcoholic cirrhosis, pancreatitis, tuberculosis, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, road injuries, unintentional injuries, self-harm |
Diet low in vegetables | Ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke |
Diet low in fruits | Cancer of the upper digestive tract, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke |
Diet high in sodium | Stomach cancer, rheumatic heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, endocarditis, other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, diabetes-related CKD, hypertensive CKD, glomerulonephritis-related CKD, other CKD |
Low physical activity | Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, diabetes |
High body mass index | Esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, leukemia, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, endocarditis, other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, diabetes, diabetes-related CKD, hypertensive CKD, glomerulonephritis-related CKD, other CKD, osteoarthritis |
High fasting plasma glucose | Ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, diabetes CKD, hypertensive CKD, glomerulonephritis-related CKD, other CKD |
High total cholesterol | Ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke |
High blood pressure | Rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, endocarditis, other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, diabetes-related CKD, glomerulonephritis-related CKD, other CKD |
Risk Factor | Males | Females | Both Sexes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths (%) * | Mortality (Per 100,000) | Deaths (%) * | Mortality (Per 100,000) | Deaths (%) * | Mortality (Per 100,000) | |
Smoking | 41,579 (19.71) | 139.90 | 3607 (2.43) | 12.76 | 45,186 (12.57) | 77.92 |
Second hand smoke | 6452 (3.06) | 21.71 | 2849 (1.92) | 10.08 | 9301 (2.59) | 16.04 |
Alcohol use | 9963 (4.72) | 33.52 | 1499 (1.01) | 5.30 | 11,462 (3.19) | 19.77 |
Diet low in vegetables | 3331 (1.58) | 11.21 | 2807 (1.89) | 9.93 | 6138 (1.71) | 10.58 |
Diet low in fruits | 8629 (4.09) | 29.03 | 5396 (3.63) | 19.09 | 14,026 (3.90) | 24.19 |
Diet high in sodium | 4799 (2.28) | 16.15 | 3665 (2.47) | 12.96 | 8464 (2.35) | 14.60 |
Low physical activity | 4560 (2.16) | 15.34 | 3502 (2.36) | 12.39 | 8062 (2.24) | 13.90 |
High body mass index | 10,623 (5.04) | 35.74 | 11,045 (7.43) | 39.07 | 21,668 (6.03) | 37.37 |
High fasting plasma glucose | 3735 (1.77) | 12.57 | 3055 (1.89) | 10.81 | 6789 (2.06) | 11.71 |
High total cholesterol | 4567 (2.17) | 15.37 | 2894 (1.95) | 10.24 | 7461 (2.07) | 12.87 |
High blood pressure | 31,700 (15.03) | 106.66 | 21,078 (14.18) | 74.56 | 52,778 (14.68) | 91.01 |
Total | 129,938 (61.61) | 437.21 | 61,397 (41.16) | 217.18 | 191,335 (53.39) | 329.94 |
Risk Factor | Males | Females | Both Sexes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DALYs (%) * | DALY Rate (per 100,000) | DALYs (%) * | DALY Rate (per 100,000) | DALYs (%) * | DALY Rate (per 100,000) | |
Smoking | 1,023,480 (11.58) | 3443.75 | 88,748 (1.35) | 313.93 | 1,112,227 (7.22) | 1917.96 |
Second hand smoke | 185,507 (2.10) | 624.18 | 73,036 (1.12) | 258.35 | 258,543 (1.68) | 445.84 |
Alcohol use | 367,122 (4.15) | 1235.27 | 8341 (0.13) | 29.50 | 375,463 (2.44) | 647.46 |
Diet low in vegetables | 98,370 (1.11) | 330.99 | 66,707 (1.02) | 235.96 | 165,077 (1.07) | 284.66 |
Diet low in fruits | 256,977 (2.91) | 864.66 | 129,266 (1.97) | 457.25 | 386,243 (2.51) | 666.05 |
Diet high in sodium | 150,498 (1.70) | 506.39 | 92,297 (1.41) | 326.48 | 242,795 (1.58) | 418.68 |
Low physical activity | 225,961 (2.56) | 760.30 | 122,041 (1.86) | 431.70 | 348,003 (2.26) | 600.11 |
High body mass index | 344,742 (3.90) | 1159.97 | 337,163 (5.15) | 1192.65 | 681,905 (4.42) | 1175.90 |
High fasting plasma glucose | 131,753 (1.49) | 443.32 | 94,528 (1.44) | 334.37 | 226,281 (1.47) | 390.21 |
High total cholesterol | 241,097 (2.73) | 811.23 | 93,260 (1.42) | 329.89 | 334,357 (2.17) | 576.58 |
High blood pressure | 969,806 (10.97) | 3263.15 | 480,282 (7.33) | 1698.90 | 1,450,087 (9.41) | 2500.58 |
Total | 3,995,313 (45.20) | 13,443.22 | 1,585,669 (24.20) | 5609.00 | 5,580,981 (36.23) | 9624.04 |
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Cui, F.; Zhang, L.; Yu, C.; Hu, S.; Zhang, Y. Estimation of the Disease Burden Attributable to 11 Risk Factors in Hubei Province, China: A Comparative Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100944
Cui F, Zhang L, Yu C, Hu S, Zhang Y. Estimation of the Disease Burden Attributable to 11 Risk Factors in Hubei Province, China: A Comparative Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100944
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Fangfang, Lan Zhang, Chuanhua Yu, Songbo Hu, and Yunquan Zhang. 2016. "Estimation of the Disease Burden Attributable to 11 Risk Factors in Hubei Province, China: A Comparative Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100944