Regional Differences in Correlates of Daily Walking among Middle Age and Older Australian Rural Adults: Implications for Health Promotion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Recruitment
2.2. Physical Activity; Daily Steps
2.3. Anthropometry
2.4. Correlates Questionnaire
Variable | Riverland (n = 67) | Yorke Peninsula (n = 86) |
---|---|---|
Demographics | ||
Age (years) # | 60.19 (8.80) | 59.48 (9.02) |
Sex: female n (%) | 39 (58.2) | 63 (73.3) |
Highest education n (%) | ||
Some/completed primary school | 3 (4.5) | 2 (2.3) |
Some high school | 28 (40.8) | 35 (40.7) |
Completed high school | 7 (1.5) | 9 (10.5) |
Trade or diploma | 12 (17.9) | 15 (17.4) |
University degree or higher | 14 (20.9) | 23 (25.6) |
Marital status: single n (%) | 16 (23.9) | 27 (31.4) |
Manage on income # | 3.66 (0.91) | 3.85 (0.87) |
Work status: unemployed/not in labour-force n (%) | 20 (29.9) | 35 (40.7) |
BMI # (kg/m2) | 30.89 (5.85) | 30.59 (4.94) |
Weight category n (%): | ||
Normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 7 (10.4) | 8 (9.3) |
Overweight/obese(≥25 kg/m2) | 6 (89.6) | 78 (90.7) |
Physical activity | ||
Daily steps # | 8429.13 (3733.21) | 7506.47 (2767.71) |
Activity category n (%): | ||
Inactive (<5000 steps) | 11 (16.4) | 17 (19.8) |
Low active (5000–7499) | 22 (32.8) | 32 (37.2) |
Somewhat active (7500–9999) | 14 (20.9) | 20 (23.3) |
Active (10,000–12,499) | 10 (14.9) | 14 (16.3) |
Highly active (>12,500) | 10 (19.9) | 3 (3.5) |
Biological | ||
General health # | 2.90 (0.89) | 2.97 (0.85) |
Psychological | ||
Motivation # | 3.83 (0.55) | 3.90 (0.58) |
Barriers self-efficacy # | 3.26 (1.04) | 3.03 (0.93) |
Relapse self-efficacy # | 3.20 (1.03) | 3.11 (0.85) |
Already active # | 2.82 (1.30) | 2.71 (1.10) |
Bullet-proof # | 1.82 (1.07) | 1.90 (0.92) |
Need a health scare # | 2.39 (1.18) | 2.30 (1.15) |
Physical activity important # | 4.29 (0.65) | 4.07 (0.72) * |
Social | ||
Others active in neighbourhood # | 3.27 (1.02) | 3.27 (1.03) |
Need for support # | 3.52 (0.76) | 3.56 (0.84) |
Environmental | ||
Pleasant community # | 1.60 (0.87) | 1.67 (0.89) |
Safety # | 2.04 (1.00) | 2.21 (1.10) |
Walkability # | 3.51 (1.13) | 3.12 (0.87) * |
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics: Comparisons of Regions
3.2. Correlates of Walking (Step Category)
Correlate | Riverland (n = 67) | Yorke Peninsula (n = 86) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full Model | SW Model | Full Model | SW Model | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Demographic | ||||
Age (years) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) ** | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) *** | 0.89 (0.85–0.94) **** |
Sex | ||||
Female | 2.10 (0.66–6.64) | - | 1.12 (0.40–3.15) | - |
Male (referent) | - | - | - | - |
Education | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | - | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) * | 0.71 (0.5347–0.95) * |
Marital status: | ||||
Single | 0.16 (0.04–0.64) ** | 0.60 (0.42–0.84) ** | 0.17 (0.05–0.52) ** | 0.41 (0.17–0.99) * |
Married/de facto (referent) | - | - | - | - |
Income | 1.66 (0.83–3.32) | 1.88 (1.07–3.32) * | 1.08 (0.59–2.00) | - |
Job status: | ||||
Unemployed/not in labour force | 0.34 (0.07–1.64) | - | 0.42 (0.13–1.30) | - |
Full- or part-time employed (referent) | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | - | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | - |
General health | 4.00 (1.68–9.50) ** | 2.97 (1.36–6.48) ** | 1.18 (0.66–2.12) | - |
Psychological | ||||
Motivation | 0.83 (0.25–2.74) | - | 0.47 (0.20–1.11) | - |
Barriers self-efficacy | 0.98 (0.51–1.88) | - | 0.63 (0.34–1.15) | - |
Relapse self-efficacy | 0.63 (0.32–1.23) | - | 1.10 (0.59–2.05) | - |
Already active | 1.41 (0.72–2.72) | 1.93 (1.18–3.15) ** | 1.55 (0.86–2.80) | - |
“Bullet-proof” | 1.76 (0.78–3.98) | - | 0.96 (0.55–1.69) | - |
“Need a health scare” | 1.84 (0.95–3.53) | 2.33 (1.39–3.90) ** | 1.36 (0.92–2.02) | - |
Physical activity important | 1.25 (0.50–3.17) | - | 3.46 (1.49–8.03) ** | - |
Social | ||||
Others active | 0.93 (0.47–1.81) | - | 0.69 (0.38–1.24) | - |
Need for support | 0.33 (0.14–0.78) * | 0.47 (0.23–0.94) * | 0.78 (0.38–1.61) | - |
Environmental | ||||
Pleasant community | 5.85 (2.01–16.99) *** | 2.31 (1.20–4.44) ** | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 0.62 (0.40–0.97) * |
Safety | 0.40 (0.21–0.78) ** | 0.47 (0.27–0.82) ** | 0.85 (0.51–1.43) | - |
Walkability | 2.45 (1.08–5.55) * | - | 1.39 (0.71–2.69) | - |
Model pseudo R2 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.08 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dollman, J.; Hull, M.; Lewis, N.; Carroll, S.; Zarnowiecki, D. Regional Differences in Correlates of Daily Walking among Middle Age and Older Australian Rural Adults: Implications for Health Promotion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010116
Dollman J, Hull M, Lewis N, Carroll S, Zarnowiecki D. Regional Differences in Correlates of Daily Walking among Middle Age and Older Australian Rural Adults: Implications for Health Promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010116
Chicago/Turabian StyleDollman, James, Melissa Hull, Nicole Lewis, Suzanne Carroll, and Dorota Zarnowiecki. 2016. "Regional Differences in Correlates of Daily Walking among Middle Age and Older Australian Rural Adults: Implications for Health Promotion" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010116