Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Recruitment and Participants
2.2. Testing
- (1)
- Motor-motor dual-task: participants walking at maximal speed stepped with their preferred foot over two plastic hurdles of 15 and 45 cm height placed in succession on the mid-line of the course (hurdles WS).
- (2)
- Motor-cognitive dual-task: participants were asked to talk while walking, naming as many animals as they could beginning with either letter B or C (talk WS).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- (1)
- Interaction variables were computed by multiplying each executive function by each functional mobility variable.
- (2)
- Three separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses with forced entry method were run for the prediction of MCS and PCS, one for each main executive function predictor. Maximal walking speed and index of sarcopenia were statistically controlled for by entering them in a first block, while the individual predictors (one executive function variable and the two dual-task WS variables) were entered in a second block and the interaction terms of the executive function with the dual-task WSs in a third block.
- (3)
- In case interaction terms significantly predicted MCS or PCS, posthoc analysis through a simple slope test was performed [40]. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Preliminary Analyses
All | Men | Women | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 69.6 ± 3.2 | 70.0 ± 3.3 | 69.4 ± 3.2 | n.s. |
Height (cm) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 172.9 ± 5.0 | 162.4 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 72.8 ± 11.5 | 81.2 ± 9.6 | 66.7 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
Body fat (%) | 33.8 ± 7.9 | 28.7 ± 5.2 | 37.5 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
Sarcopenia (index) | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 0.8 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
Maximal WS (m/s) | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.91 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | n.s. |
Talking WS (m/s) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | n.s. |
Hurdles WS (m/s) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Inhibition (std index) | 0.098 ± 0.8 | −0.08 ± 0.9 | 0.05 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
Working memory (std index) | −0.013 ± 0.8 | −0.33 ± 1.07 | 0.22 ± 0.5 | 0.020 |
Δ Trail (s) | 43.0 ± 29.1 | 52.9 ± 34.7 | 39.1 ± 29.5 | n.s. |
MCS (score) | 83.8 ± 13.2 | 84.1 ± 12.6 | 82.9 ± 14.3 | n.s. |
PCS (score) | 71.0 ± 13.4 | 71.4 ± 15.4 | 70.1 ± 12.3 | n.s. |
Maximal WS | Hurdles WS | Talking WS | Inhibition | Working Memory | Δ Trail | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCS | −0.057 | 0.178 | −0.082 | 0.359** | −0.030 | −0.063 |
PCS | −0.083 | 0.103 | −0.114 | 0.113 | −0.111 | −0.112 |
3.2. Moderated Prediction Analyses
Exploratory Prediction Model | PCS | R2 = 0.14 | F3,52 = 2.78, p = 0.050 |
β | p | ||
Inhibition | 0.337 | 0.016 | |
Working Memory | −0.084 | 0.548 | |
Cognitive Flexibility | −0.092 | 0.528 | |
PCS | R2 = 0.08 | F3,52 = 1.49, p = 0.230 | |
β | p | ||
Inhibition | 0.029 | 0.834 | |
Working Memory | −0.205 | 0.160 | |
Cognitive Flexibility | −0.271 | 0.077 |
Moderated Prediction Model | MCS | R2 = 0.25 | F5,54 = 3.25, p = 0.013 |
β | p | ||
Maximal WS | −0.171 | 0.302 | |
Index of Sarcopenia | −0.169 | 0.197 | |
Inhibition | 0.211 | 0.133 | |
Talking WS | −0.119 | 0.476 | |
Talking WS × Inhibition | 0.343 | 0.031 | |
PCS | R2 = 0.18 | F5,55 = 2.17, p = 0.72 | |
β | p | ||
Maximal WS | −0.350 | 0.039 | |
Index of Sarcopenia | −0.048 | 0.723 | |
Cognitive Flexibility (Δ Trail) | −0.041 | 0.728 | |
Hurdles WS | 0.325 | 0.053 | |
Hurdles WS × Δ Trail | −0.360 | 0.020 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forte, R.; Boreham, C.A.G.; De Vito, G.; Pesce, C. Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 11328-11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911328
Forte R, Boreham CAG, De Vito G, Pesce C. Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(9):11328-11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911328
Chicago/Turabian StyleForte, Roberta, Colin A.G. Boreham, Giuseppe De Vito, and Caterina Pesce. 2015. "Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 9: 11328-11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911328
APA StyleForte, R., Boreham, C. A. G., De Vito, G., & Pesce, C. (2015). Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(9), 11328-11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911328